ABSTRACT
The microbiological and physicochemical characteristics of Ezu-nwabunagu stream were carried out aseptically. A total of 20 water samples were collected and analyzed for total aerobic plate count, coliform count, Escherichiacoli count, Salmonella-Shigella count, Vibrio cholerae count and fungal count using pour plate technique. The media used were nutrient agar, MacConkey agar, eosin methylene blue agar, Salmonella-Shigella agar, thiosulphate citrate bile sucrose agar and potato dextrose agar. From the present analysis, the total aerobic plate count (TAPC)has the lowest count of 1.5 ± 0.2 x 106cfu/mL to the highest count of 1.12 ± 0.5 x 107cfu/mL; coliform count has the lowest count of 0 ± 0.0MPN/100mLthe highest count of 902 ± 20MPN/100mL; Salmonella-Shigella count has the lowest count of 0 ± 0.0cfu/mL to the highest count of 7 ± 0.4 x 103cfu/mL; Escherichiacoli count has the lowest count of 0 ± 0.0cfu/mL to the highest count of 2.4 ± 0.6 x 103cfu/mL; Vibrio cholerae count has the lowest count of 0 ± 0.0cfu/mL to the highest count of 6 ± 0.5 x 102cfu/mL and the fungal count has the lowest count of 0 ± 0.0cfu/mL to the highest count of 2.5 ± 0.07 x 102cfu/mL. The microorganisms isolated and their percentage occurrence were Pseudomonas species, Vibriocholerae, Shigella species, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella species, Bacillus species, Proteus species, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter species, Aspergillus species, Penicillum species and Yeast. The mean values ranged as follows, pH, 6.15 ± 0.1 – 6.90 ± 0.2; temperature, 29.0 ± .02oC – 31.0 ± 0.05oC; total dissolved solids, 0.024 ± 0.002mg/L – 0.11 ± 0.01mg/L; total suspended solids, 0.015 ± 0.001mg/L – 0.034 ± 0.003mg/L; alkalinity, 0.07 ± 0.01mg/L – 0.36 ± 0.03mg/L; hardness, 42.75 ± 2.5mg/L – 94.85 ± 10.0mg/L; nitrate, 0 ± 0.0mg/L – 65.47 ± 5.0mg/L; sulphate, 0 ± 0.0mg/L – 332.35 ± 25.0mg/L; phosphate, 8.70 ± 1.0mg/L – 86.82 ± 7.5mg/L; zinc, 0.24 ± 0.02mg/L – 1.88 ± 0.3mg/L; iron, 0.86 ± 0.01mg/L – 3.54 ± 0.05mg/L; copper, 0 ± 0.0mg/L – 0.4 ± 0.01mg/L; silver, 0 ± 0.0mg/L; lead, 0 ± 0.0mg/L – 0.8 ± 0.01mg/L; manganese, 0.1 ± 0.0mg/L – 0.04 ± 0.01mg/L and mercury, 0 ± 0.0mg/L. From the result showed, the stream is polluted with organisms of public health importance and the stream water should be treated before use.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables viii
List of Figures ix
Abstract x
CHAPTER ONE
1.1
Background to the study 1
1.2 Location of the Study Area 2
1.3 Scope of the study 2
1.4 Justification 2
1.5 Aims and objectives of the study 3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review 4
2.1 Sources of Water 4
2.1.1 Ground water 5
2.2 Microbiological Examination of Water 6
2.3 Indicators of Microbial water quality 6
2.3.1 The Coliforms 6
2.3.2 Contaminants of water 7
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Collection of the samples 9
3.2 Microbiological method 12
3.2.1 Media preparation 12
3.2.2 Colony count 12
3.2.3 Chemical reagents 12
3.2.4 Enumeration of Total Heterotrophic bacteria and
fungi count 13
3.3 Characterization and identification of bacterial
and fungal isolates 13
3.4 Physiochemical parameter 14
3.4.1 pH 14
3.4.2 (EC) Conductivity 14
3.4.3 Total suspended Solids 14
3.4.4 Total dissolved solid 15
3.4.5 Chloride 16
3.4.6 Nitrate 17
3.4.7 Sulphate 17
3.4.8 Hardness 18
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Results 19
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Discussion 21
5.2 Conclusion 23
References 24
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page
1 The mean counts of the Microorganisms
isolated from the Stream
Water Samples
20
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig.3.1: Collection of the water sample at the
upstream 10
Fig. 3.2: Collection of the water sample at the
downstream 11
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
to the study
Water is an essential natural resource for
sustainability of life on earth. Humans may survive for several weeks without
food, but barely few days without water because constant supply of water is
needed to replenish the fluids lost through normal physiological activities,
such as respiration, perspiration, urination, (Murray et al., 2003).
Though the hydrosphere is estimated to contain about 1.36 billion Km3, only
about 0.3% of the water, existing as fresh water in rivers, streams springs and
aquifers, is available for human use; the remaining 99.7% is locked up in seas
and oceans (Wilson et al, 1975). The geological constraints limit
accessibility of many human communities to water that is adequate in terms of
quantity, quality and sustainability. Lack of adequate supply of potable water
is a critical challenge in developing countries such as Nigeria. Potable water,
also called drinking water in reference to its intended use, is defined as
water which is fit for consumption by humans and other animals (Tchobanoglous, et
al., 2003). The usual source of drinking water is the streams, rivers,
wells and boreholes which are mostly untreated and associated with various
health risks (Agbarie and Obi, 2009). Paucity of infrastructure for effective
treatment and distribution of water accounts for the incidence of high
morbidity and mortality rate associated with water borne diseases in developing
countries (Mark, et al., 2002). One of the targets of the millennium
development goals (MDG) in terms of healthy living for the masses can be
achieved through the supply of safe and convenient water (Orewole, et al.,
2007). The quality of water influences the health status of any populace,
hence, analysis of water for physical, biological and chemical properties
including trace element contents are very important for public health studies.
Groundwater is an important water resource in both the urban and rural areas of
Nigeria (Adekunle et al., 2007). Governmental and non-governmental
agencies, corporate organizations and individuals are involved in sinking of
boreholes to provide water for their families, staff, companies and
communities.
1.2. Location
of the Study Area
Ezu-nwaobunagu is located at the South-West of
Nawfia’s boundary with Enugwu-ukwu. Ezu-nwaobunagu has its source from
Ugwu-nwakpi Abagana, many years before Nawfia became a town. The water is used
for drinking, as a source of recreation, bathing and for other household chores.
1.3 Scope
of the study
The standard prescribes for the essential and
desirable characteristics to be tested in order to ascertain the suitability of
the water for drinking purpose. The substances in Nigerian Standard for
Drinking Water Quality are simply divided into physical / organoleptic,
chemical organic and inorganic constituents, disinfectants and disinfectants
by-products, radionuclides and microbiological parameters. This study was
limited to the testing of some aspect of microbial physico-chemical parameters
of Ezu-nwaobunagu stream.
1.4 Justification
The usual source of drinking water is the streams,
rivers, springs, wells and boreholes which are mostly untreated and associated
with various health risks (Agbarie and Obi, 2009). Ezunwabunagu stream, Nawfia
in Njikoka Local Government Area in Anambra state may not be different which
prompted this study.
1.5 Aim and
Objectives of the study
The aim of the study is to analyse the microbiological
and physio-chemical characteristics of Ezunwaobunagu stream in Nawfia, Njikoka
Local Government Area, Anambra state. The specific objectives of the study
include to:
1. Evaluate
aspects of the physico-chemical properties of Ezunwaobunagu stream.
2. Ascertain the microbial quality of the
given stream as a major source of drinking water for the people.
3. Assess its drinking water quality by
comparing with Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality.
Click “DOWNLOAD NOW” below to get the complete Projects
FOR QUICK HELP CHAT WITH US NOW!
+(234) 0814 780 1594
Buyers has the right to create
dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when
you experience issue with the file received.
Dispute can only be created when
you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of
contents and content of the file you received.
ProjectShelve.com shall either
provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or
send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and
Conditions are applied.
Buyers are expected to confirm
that the material you are paying for is available on our website
ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone
through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE
BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.
In case of payment for a
material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of
ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that
is available on our website within 48 hours.
You cannot change topic after
receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.
Login To Comment