ABSTRACT
Footwear as a foot protecting device exposes the feet to contamination by microorganisms which can lead to infections and diseases. The aim of this study is to evaluate microorganisms associated with male and female foot wears in MOUAU. A total of forty (40) samples were collected from which comprises of male and female foot wears and was taken immediately to the microbiology laboratory for bacteriological analysis. A sterile swab stick was use to swab the samples and streak on the plate, and was incubated at 370C for 24hrs. Those that gave significant growth were identified by gram stain, motility and biochemical tests. The bacteria isolated were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus species while the fungi isolated from the samples were Aspergillus flavis, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium. They were identified using colonial morphologies and staining with Lactophenol cotton blue. From the result Staphylococcus aureus 15 (31.78%) has highest percentage occurrences followed by E. coli 12 (27.24%), Klebsiella species 7 (15.89%) and Bacillus species 7 (15.89%), while the one with the lowest percentage was seen in Streptococcus 4 (9.08%). For the fungal isolates Aspergillus flavus 12 (48%) has the highest percentage occurrence followed by Aspergillus niger 7 (32%) and the lowest percentage occurrence is Penicillum 4 (20%). The fungi and bacteria isolated from male and female shoes and the bacteria are are highly pathogenic the entire environment. Shoes should be wiped with disinfectant before and after use. Do not wear shoes with wet feet because water stuck between toes is a common culprit. Give your shoe a break for at least 24 hours after wearing them just to air out some festering bacteria.
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgment iv
Table of content v
List of Tables vii
Abstract viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Aim and Objectives 3
1.2 Objectives 3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0
Literature Review 5
2.1.
Footwear 5
2.2 Microorganisms Associated With Footwear 7
2.2.1. Staphylococcus aureus 8
2.2.2. Escherichia coli 8
2.2.3. Bacillus Spp 9
2.2.4. Penicillium
Spp 10
2.2.5
Fusarium Spp 10
2.3 Factors That Enhances the
Growth of Microorganisms in Footwear. 11
2.3.1 Moisture Content 11
2.3.2 Growth Rate 12
2.3.3 Atmosphere 12
2.3.4 Temperature 13
2.4. Tinea Pedis As a Fungal Disease in Foot Wears 14
CHAPTER THREE
3.0.
Materials and Methods 17
3.1. Study Area 17
3.2. Population under Study 17
3.3. Sterilization of Material 18
3.4. Preparation of Culture Media 18
3.5. Preparation of Lactophenol
Cotton Blue Stain For Fungi 19
3.6 Inoculation and Isolation 20
3.7. Identification of Bacterial Isolates 20
3.8. Gram Staining 20
3.9. Biochemical Test 21
3.9.1. Catalase Test 21
3.9.2. Indole Test 21
3.9.3. Citrate Utilization Test 22
3.9.4. Motility 23
3.7.6. Coagulase Test 23
3.7.7. Oxidase Test 23
3.7.8. Methyl Red Test 23
3.7.9. Voges-Proskauer Test 23
3.7.10. Carbohydrate Fermentation Tests 24
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results 25
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion, Recommendation and Conclusion 35
5.1 Discussion 35
5.2 Conclusion 36
5.3 Recommendation 37
References
LIST OF
TABLES
Table Title Page
•
Biochemical characterization of the Bacterial Isolate 26
Morphological
characteristic of the Fungal Isolates
28
•
Percentage Occurrences of the
Bacterial Isolates 30
•
Percentage Occurrences of the Fungal
Isolate 32
LIST OF
FIGURES
Figures Title Page
•
Percentage Occurrence of Bacterial
Isolates From Male and Female Footwear 33
Sample
•
Percentage Occurrence of Fungal
Isolates From Male and Female Footwear Sample
34
CHAPTER ONE
1.0. INTRODUCTION
A Footwear is a general term that describes all
foot protecting device. It is not exactly known when foot wears came into
existence. Perhaps, it came with or after man discovered the need to cover his
nakedness. Since that time, foot wear has evolved leading to different types
and makes such as sandals, shoes made either from leather, synthetic or natural
rubber or any other material. The significant of microbiology deterioration was
first appreciated at SATRA in connection with premature failure of linen welt
thread leading to the detachment of the sole. The deterioration in wear of some
materials is thought to be primarily due to chemical interaction with absorbed
matter rather than to microbiological effects. The feet may be compromised by
bacterial and fungal infections, chronic diseases, obesity, immune suppression,
vascular disease, and uncomfortable or tight shoes (Akiba et al., 2006). Bacterial and fungal infections
proliferations are influenced by microclimate, temperature, humidity,
life-style and individual predisposition. The foot has a rich bacterial flora,
which is not normally pathogenic (Stewart, 2015).
Lifestyle factors can expose the feet to higher risks of contamination by
bacteria. For example, going barefoot exposes the foot to contamination by
Escherichia coli and other potential pathogens. A further important aspect of
abundant growth of fungi in leather shoes is likely direct effect on the foot.
A common example of fungal attack is “athlete foot”.
Foot
wears like leather shoes could cause foot allergy which can result in chronic
foot dermatitis. A shoe is a protective covering for the foot, with a bottom
part composed of thick leather or plastic sole and often a thicker heel or
synthetic materials (Sally, 1993). A shoe can also be an item of foot
wear intended to protect and comfort the human foot while doing or carrying
various activities in his or her daily life. ). Tight shoes can injure the feet
and make them prone to contamination and infections. Unventilated shoes are
prone to bacterial and fungal proliferation. Sweat is a nutrient for bacteria,
which gives the feet, socks and shoes a strong odor permitting the spread of
Infection (Akiba et al., 2006). Shoes
are used as an item of decoration. The designer shoes varies enormously through
time and from culture to culture, with appearance originally been tied to
function. Additionally, fashion has often dictated many designed elements,
whether shoes has a very high heel or flat ones (Akiba et al., 2006). Contemporary, shoes vary widely in style, complexity
and taste. Basic shoes and sandals may consist of only a thin sole and strap.
High fashion shoes may be made of very expensive materials in complex
construction and sale for thousands of Naira or Dollars in pair. Other shoes
are for very specific purpose such as boots for skipping (Tom, 2002).
Traditionally, shoes have been made from leather, wood or canvas, but
increasingly made from rubber, plastic and other petrochemical derived material
(Tom, 2002).
Shoes and foot wears are necessary for everyone
especially as they are worn by all in almost two-third of humans. They are
vulnerable to contamination by microorganisms when worn. Some published results
show that a great amount of bacteria and fungi attach themselves to the feet
and socks of humans, with a density of 10,000,000 to 1,000,000,000 colonies (Xu,
2006). Shoes are major protector of the foot and microorganisms such as
bacteria tend to live more in shoes than in other places. As we walk, we
constantly pick new debris that feeds the growth of more bacteria (Weber,
2008). And such microorganisms are Escherichia
coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Serratia and these microorganisms can also
cause harm to our health and environment. An environmental microbiologist at
the University of Arizona says he doesn’t put on his shoes up on his desk
anymore after completing a study dealing with the accumulation of Escherichia
coli and other nasty fecal-based bacteria on shoes (Pohla, 2008). Beside Escherichia coli which is known to cause
intestinal and urinary tract infections, the sole of shoes picked up Klebsiella pneumonia bacteria, a source
of wound and blood stream infection as well as pneumonia and serratia, a
rare cause of infection in the respiratory tract and wounds (Pohla, 2008). In
Nigeria, cobblers are making exquisite piece that are competing favorably with
footwear manufacturing in any part of the world especially female shoes and
also highly meeting up in terms of quality, design and patronage (Chuks, 2003).
Nigerian shoe makers are manufacturing exquisite pieces that are equal or
sometimes even higher quality with shoes manufactured in any part of the world (Chuks,
2003). Shoes are now becoming a bacteria
cafeteria because they survive longer than they would on a desk top. And most
bacteria love growing in a moist, warm environment they like to live in sauna
(heat environment) and that is basically what most shoes have become (Gerba,
2008). Shoes are vulnerable to be contaminated by microorganisms when worn and
a more appropriate circumstance is provided by physical contact as well as
sweat dipping (Mayan et al., 1999).
It is important to determine the kind of microbes on foot wears, compare
microbial levels on foot wear and the effectiveness on male and female shoes in
reducing those levels inside and outside the shoe surface (Chris, 2010).
1.2 Aim and Objectives
Aim
The
aim of this study is to evaluate microorganisms associated with male and female
foot wears in Michael Okpara University Agriculture Umudike.
Objectives;
1. To
isolate microorganism associated with male and female foot wears in Michael
Okpara University Agriculture, Umudike.
2. To
characterize and identify the isolated microorganism from male and female foot
wears in Michael Okpara University Agriculture, Umudike.
3. To
determine the percentage occurrence of the isolated organisms from male and
female foot wears in Michael Okpara University Agriculture, Umudike.
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