ABSTRACT
Four (4) sites or area were sampled, using
the”simple random sampling technique” to make up the study group namely; Malali,
Ungwan Rimi, Stadium round about, Kawo for soil or root-not nematodes from
tomatoes plant. Ten (10) plants uprooted randomly at each site(s) visited making
a total of forty (40) plants were isolation and identification of nematodes was
done at the Department of Crop Protection, Institute of Agricultural Research (I.A.R.)
Ahmadu Bello University Zaria base on movement
action, tail, shape and a tutorial book. Result obtained shared occurrence of
nematodes as follows; Malali, 342; Ungwan Rimi 40; Stadium Round About, 66;
Kawo, 261; making a total of 708 nematodes. Of this number, Crieonemoides
accounted for 7(0.990Co); Helicotylenchus 544 (76.840Co);
Meloidogyne larva 62 (8.760Co); Pratylenchus 19 (2-680Co);
Rotylenchus 64 (9.040Co) and Tylenchus 12 (1.690Co). the
researcher; considering the negative effect of these on the yield/production of
tomatoes, suggests/profers/and also, when transplanting, intercropping.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION:
1.1 Tomato:
1.2 Origin:
1.3 Study
Area:
1.4 Purpose
of the study:
1.5 Aims
and objectives:
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE
REVIEW:
2.1 Tomato:
2.2 Importance
of Tomato:
2.3 Host
– Parasite Relationship:
2.4 Economic
importance of Nematode:
2.5 Nematodes
of Tomato:
2.6 Diseases
of Tomatoes:
2.7 Symptoms
and Damage:
2.8. Biology
and life cycle:
2.9 Nematode Feeding Habits
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 MATERIALS
AND METHODS
3.1 Collection
of Samples:
3.2 Materials:
3.3 Extraction
and Isolation of Nematode:
3.4 Identification:
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0 Result:
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION;
RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION:
Nematodes are tiny, thread-like worms
measuring 0.0 15 inch to 0.187 inch in length. They are either free living
parasitic or saprophytic, identified on the basis of shapes, size and special
structures. The females become swollen and flask-shaped as a result of
accumulation of eggs with the anus virtually terminal in position, while the males
are vermiform (Sherf and Macnah, 1986; Chitwood, 1949; Taylor and Sasser, 1978;
Idowu, 1979 and Idowu, 1983)
Nematodes are known for causing
destructive diseases of crops as they have a wide range of feeding habit, constitute
about 80% of all multicellular animals, attacking nearly every crop that is grown
in the field and as a result crop yields is greatly affected reducing quantity
and quality of crops on field, orchard, home garden and green houses (Mai,
1985; Symth, 1994; Sasser, 1952). Among the favoured host in Nigeria as a whole
include tomato, yam, tobacco, papaw, citrus and sweet potato (Sasser, 1954).
1.1 Tomato:
Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum)
belongs to the family Solanaceae and subilass polypetalae of the dicotyledenous
group of plants. Tomato is a slight modification of tomato the name used by the
Indians of Mexico, who have grown the plant for food since prehistoric times.
Other names reported by early European explorers were tomato, tumatle and
tomatas, probably variants of Indian words (Wener, 2004).
1.2 Origin:
The precise origin of tomato remains
a mystery but there is reason to believe that the original tomato came from
Peru called tomato, it was taken to Mexico by migrating Peruvians. It found its
way to Italy through the explorations of Christopher Columbus. Tomatoes were
taken back to Europe along with silver and gold and they were grown on the
continent as a pretty curiosity (Fallagatter, 1999). Though, tomato has become
one of the most popular and widely grown vegetables in the world (Chung, 1998),
until the 19th century, it was grown chiefly as an ornamental plant
for its colourful fruit (Villareal, 1980). This is because it was regarded with
suspicion due to the reputation of Solanum-like fruits being poisonous (Philips
and Rix, 1993)
1.3 Study
Area:
Kaduna is the State capital of Kaduna
State in north central Nigeria. The city, located on the Kaduna River, is a
trade center and a major transportation hub for the surrounding agricultural
areas with its rail and road junction.
The Kaduna River is a tributary of
the Niger River which flows for 550 kilometers through Nigeria. It got its name
from the crocodiles that lived in the river and surrounding area. Kaduna in the
native dialect, Hausa, was the word for “crocodile ’’(http:// maguzawa.dyndns.ws/
Retrieved on 2009-07-09). Activities going on there includes; fishing, packing
of sand and farming such as maize, tomato, spinach, cocoa-yam, okro, pepper
etc.
1.4 Purpose
of the study:
The destruction of plants comes from organisms
including nematode and insect pest. However, this study is restricted only to
those plant nematodes that affect tomatoes grown in some selected area of River
Kaduna. Many plants are damage by plant parasitic nematodes which feeds and
multiply in or on root, stem spreading soil borne viruses or facilitate
secondary infection by bacteria and algae.
All kind of living organisms are
dependent on plants in one way or the other for their food supply. Therefore,
controlling nematode that destroy our crops, it is almost important both
agriculturally, economically and socially for well being of both living
organism. Although important contributions in nematology are coming in from
many countries. Like Nigeria, generally expanded it is in view of hope that it
help in one way or the other in preventing or controlling plants nematodes, as
the knowledge of the nematodes themselves is important toward successful
nematode control.
1.5 Aims
and objectives:
- To isolate and identify nematode
- To determine the distribution or
assessment of nematode populations
- Proper suggestion on minimizing
infection.
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