ABSTRACT
Proper breastfeeding practices are effective ways for reducing childhood
morbidity and mortality, while many mothers understand the importance of
breastfeeding, others are less knowledgeable on the benefits of breastfeeding
and weaning. The aim in here i to assess breastfeeding pattern, infant formula
feeding pattern, and weaning introduction in Nigeria and to investigate the
factors that infant nutrition. 150 mothers were interviewed using a questionnaire
which was designed to elicit information on infant feeding Statistical analysis
were done using random sampling, whereby chi-square tests were used to evaluate
relationship between different selected variable. The prevalence of
breastfeeding practice in Nigeria has risen from 72% in 1991 to 93.4% as found
in this study, while only 17.9% breastfed their children exclusively for the
first 6 months, and the mean duration of EBF (exclusive breastfeeding) is 2.1
months. Complementary feeding was more commonly initiated around 4-6 months
(75.2%). Despite the fact that 60.6% of mothers initiate breast feeding and 26.1% of mothers are found to breastfeed up to 2 years,
the practice of EBF for the first 6 months is low (17.9 ). Factors found to
influence infant feeding practices are type of delivery, parity, method of
delivery, occupation, education problems.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page Pages
Certification i
Dedication ii
Acknowledgment iii
Abstract iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables vi
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background
of the study
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Objective of
the study
1.3 Statement of
Research Problem
1.4 Research
Question
1.5 Statement of
Hypothesis
1.6 Significance
of the study
1.7 Scope/
Limitation of the study
1.8 Justification
for the study
1.9 Definition
of Terms
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL
ORIENTATION
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Initiation of
Breastfeeding
2.3 Exclusive Breastfeeding
2.4 Exclusive Breastfeeding Practices
2.5 Exclusive Breastfeeding practices Among Yoruba
People
2.6 Factors Associated with the Duration of Breastfeeding
2.7 Breastfeeding Challenges
2.8 Infant Formula Feeding
2.9 Reducing Maternal Impact
2.10 13.1% of Nigerian Children Under-Six Months are
Exclusively Breastfed
2.11 FG Advocates Exclusive Breastfeeding
2.12 Exclusive Breast Feeding Still very low
2.13 Duration of Breastfeeding
2.14 The Theories of Breastfeeding
2.15 Discussion
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 60
3.2 Research Design 60
3.3 Population 61
3.4 Sample Procedure 61
3.5 Method of Data Collection 62
3.6 Method of Data Analysis 62
3.7 Validation of the Instrument 63
CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION ANALYSIS OF DATA AND
DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
4.1 Presentation of Data
4.2 Testing of Research Question
4.3 Discussion of finding
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Summary of findings
5.3 Recommendations
5.4 Suggestion for further Research
Bibliography
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Adequate nutrition during infancy and early childhood is essential to
ensure the growth, health, and development of children their full potential. It
has been recognized worldwide that breastfeeding is beneficial for both the
mother and child, as breast milk is considered the best source of nutrition for
an infant.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that infants be exclusively
breastfed for the first six months, followed by breastfeeding along with
complementary foods for up to age or beyond. Exclusive breastfeeding can be
defined as a practice whereby the infants receive only breast milk and not been
water, other liquids, tea, herbal preparations, or food during months of life,
with the exception of vitamins, mineral supplements, or medicines. The major
advantage of exclusive breastfeeding from to 6 months
includes reduced morbidity due to gastrointestinal
infection. However, many researchers are
questioning there is sufficient evidence to confidently recommend exclusive
breastfeeding for 6 months for infants in developed countries due to the fact
that breast milk may not meet the full
energy requirements of e average
infant at 6 months of age. Nevertheless, there is scanty data that give estimation about the proportion of
exclusively breastfed infants at risk of specific nutritional deficiencies.
Several studies have shown that mothers find it difficult to meet personal
goals and to adhere to the expert recommendations for continued and exclusive
breastfeeding despite increase rate of initiations. Some of the major factors
that affect exclusivity and duration of breastfeeding include breast problems
such as sore nipples or mother's perceptions that she is producing inadequate
milk, societal barriers such as employment and length of maternity leave;
inadequate breastfeeding knowledge; lack of familial
and societal support; lack of guidance and encouragement from health When breast milk or infant formula no longer supplies
required energy and nutrients to sustain normal growth health and development,
complementary feeding care professionals. These factors in tum promote the early
use of breast milk substitute.
When breast milk or infant formula no longer supplies infants with required
energy and nutrients to sustain normal growth and optimal health and
development, complementary feeding should be introduced. According to the WHO
recommendation, the appropriate age at which solids should be introduced is
around 6 months owing to the immaturity of the gastrointestinal tract and the
renal system as well as on the neurophysiological status of the infant. Factors
that influence the weaning process include infant feeding problems such as
refusal to eat, colic, and vomiting among These factors represent challenges
for mothers and in tum direct or indirectly influence the feeding pattern
Hence, understanding the factors affecting infant nutrition in Nigeria can help
in developing strategies to promote breastfeeding and overcoming problems faced
by mothers and children.
Predictors of breastfeeding and weaning practices vary between and within
countries. Urban or rural difference, age, breast problems, good breastfeeding
practices, mode of delivery, heal system practices, and community beliefs have
all been found to influence breastfeeding in different areas of developing
countries. Information on the prevalence and factors influencing infant feeding
practices is limited in Nigeria and dates back to 1996. This present study determine
infant feeding pattern and its predictors among Nigerian mothers with the
following objectives: to elucidate breastfeeding practices, in terms of
initiation, exclusivity, and termination, and the factors influencing them; to
determine the time when weaning starts, the challenges met by mothers, and the
type of weaning adopted.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The general objective of this study is to identify the socio-economic factors
that influence the practice or non-practice of exclusive breastfeeding among
women. Specific objective are to:
·
Examine patterns of exclusive
breastfeeding in Agbado-Ijaiye Community.
·
Identify the relationship between the
age of mother and attitude to breastfeeding.
·
Investigate the influence of the
level of education of mothers on their breastfeeding practice.
·
Explore the impact of number of birth
of mothers on their attitude to breastfeeding.
·
To investigate the influence of
spacing in birth rate as it affects the practice of exclusive breastfeeding.
·
To view the level of literacy of
nursing mothers as how it can affect the exclusive breastfeeding practice.
·
To examine the government policies as
to exclusive breastfeeding practices among mothers.
·
To also examine the economic state of
the nation as how it affect the practice of exclusive breastfeeding.
·
The method of delivery influential in
exclusive breastfeeding practice among mothers.
·
Insufficient breast milk of mothers
as how it influence the practice of exclusive breastfeeding.
·
Explore the impact of work engagement
of mothers to practice of exclusive breastfeeding.
1.3 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
Some women do not actually believe in the positive effects of exclusive
breastfeeding and this informs the continued feeding of their Babies with other
supplements like Pap and ready-made baby food. The concern of Doctors, Health
Officials and Organizations are ultimately on the decline in breastfeeding
practice itself. The interest in this topic is not only medical, there are
social and regional difference in breastfeeding which reflect the trend towards
what is regarded as normal and acceptable in different social settings.
Definitely, some socio-economic and cultural factors influence the extent
and duration of breastfeeding. Considering the importance of duration of
breastfeeding it is imperative to identify factors, which can influence it, and
that is what this is meant to achieve.
The commonest reasons for not breastfeeding exclusively include insufficient
breast milk and the socio-cultural practice of giving water to babies because
of the hot climate. Also, there is a lot of misunderstanding about the adequacy
of breast milk especially where the baby cries indicating inconvenience mostly
assumed by the mother to be hungry. Many of the nutrition-related di eases can be
reduced in our society if mothers will fully subscribe to e idea of exclusive
breastfeeding.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
This study would strive to answer the following research questions.
1.
What is the pattern of exclusive
breastfeeding in Agbado-Ijaiye area of Lagos State?
2.
Is there any relationship between
mothers? Age nd their attitude to breastfeeding?
3.
Does the level of mother education
influence breastfeeding attitude?
4. Do cultures impact on
breastfeeding practice?
5. Does
births rate has any influence on breastfeeding practice?
6.
What are the effect of working mother
on exclusive Breastfeeding?
7.
Can exclusive breastfeeding increase
the immunity of the infant?
8.
Does the level of household income
affect the practice of exclusive breastfeeding?
9.
Can the government policies affect
the exclusive breastfeeding among nursing mothers?
10. Does the economic state of a
nation affect the practice of
exclusive breastfeeding?
11.
Is method of delivery influential in
exclusive breastfeeding practice among nursing mothers?.
1.5 STATEMENT OF HYPOTIIESIS
Hypothesis is a theoretical conceptualization, subject to validation or
verification. These hypotheses were based on the practices of exclusive
breastfeeding among the Nursing Mothers in Agbado-Ijaiye Community of Lagos
State.
Hypothesis I
Ho: The Nursing
Mothers in Agbado-Ijaiye Community does not practice exclusive breastfeeding.
Hi: The Nursing Mothers in Agbado-Ijaiye Community practices exclusive
breastfeeding.
Hypothesis II
Ho: The level of
education does not affect the practices 0 breastfeeding among the Nursing Mothers in Agbado-Ijaiye Community.
Hi: The level of education affects the practices of exclusive breastfeeding among
the Nursing Mothers in Agbado-Ijaiye Community.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Breastfeeding is associated with a lower incidence of infant diarrhea and
respiratory disease, particularly in less developed co tries. An ecological
study on breastfeeding showed that more than half of all infant deaths from
diarrheal disease and acute respiratory infection are preventable by exclusive
breastfeeding in infants aged -3 months and partial breastfeeding throughout
the remainder of infancy (WHO, 1996). The theoretical
basis for this may be a combination of the nutritional and immunomodulatory
effects of human milk.
The significance of this research work lies in the fact that it would contribute
to existing literature on the subject matter by providing an expository analysis of the pattern of breastfeeding
in Agbado-Ijaiye Community in Nigeria and identify the socio-economic factors
that influence it. This would enhance policy formulation in the primary health
care in the area of improving the practice of exclusive breast feeding among
women.
1.7 SCOPE/LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The work is limited to the importance of exclusive breastfeeding among
women and its benefits in improving child health and mother's well-being Data collection
will be limited to facts gotten from the research instruments administered on
the study population i.e. Agbado-Ijaiya Community. But there may be co
information gathering because literature on breastfeed subject/topic are not
easily available and assessable. Only a new pages in a wide range of books
contain information on exclusive breastfeeding therefore, extensive use of a
wide range of source including the United Nation data on breastfeeding or issues
related to it and other available literature will be ensured. Available
literature will be exhausted to get varying views on the study area.
1.8 JUSTIFICATION FOR THE STUDY
The practice or non-practice of exclusive breastfeeding de ends to a large
on the socio-cultural beliefs in a society. A lot of w men will not just
breastfeeding exclusively- because they feel that breast milk is not adequate
to feed their babies. Whereas, breast milk is the only 'baby food' that
contains adequate nutritional contents necessary for growing babies. Without
it, babies are exposed to sever diseases and defects which can only be
prevented naturally through breastfeeding. Supplements to breast milk like pap
and ready-made baby food tend to complicate the growing up process of babies
since it exposes them to different diseases and risks during growth. Because
there are various reasons why people do no practice exclusive breastfeeding, and
because of the problem associated with non-practice of exclusive breastfeeding,
it becomes necessary to carryout research on the study area. The
study is being conducted to help address these issues.
1.9 DEFINATION OF TERMS
a.
BREASTFEEDING: Is the practice of feeding an infant, or sometimes
a toddler or a young child, with milk produced from her mammary glands, usually
directly from the nipples.
b.
EXCLUSIVE
BREASTFEEDING: Is generally feeding a
baby with nothing but breast milk.
c. FERTILITY: Is
the state of being able to produce.
d.
LACTATION: Is the period during which a woman produces milk
from the breasts to feed a baby.
e.
MALNUTRITION: Is a poor condition of health caused by a lack of
food or a lack of the right type of food.
f.
MAMMAL GLANDS: Are the parts of the breast th t produce milk.
g.
PREDOMINANT OR MIXED BREASTFEEDING: Is the practice of
feeding breast milk along with some form of substitute.
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