ABSTRACT
The study examined the influence of
socio-economic, culture, sexuality education and risky behaviour on adolescent
reproductive health in selected secondary schools in Kosofe and Shomolu Local
Government Areas of Lagos State.
The
survey research design was adopted for the study. 150 participants selected
through random sampling technique constituted sample for the study. The
variables studies include knowledge, socio economic status, risky sexual
behaviour, peer pressure and adolescents’ reproductive health problems. The
research instrument was a self-developed, structured and validated
questionnaire. Data analysis was done with the descriptive statistics of
frequency counts and percentage while the chi-square (X2) was used
for hypotheses testing at 0.05 alpha level of significance.
The
results revealed that the variables socio-economic, sexuality education,
influenced adolescent sexual behaviour and reproductive health problems. For
example knowledge 90 (60%), socio-economic 85 (56%), sexuality education 75
(50%), sexual risky behaviour 91 (61%) and adolescents’ reproductive health
problem 87 (58%). The Chi-square values are as follows: (H01 =X2
cal = 132.52, X2 tab = 26.30, df = 16, P>0.05; H02
= X2cal = 22.43, df = 36, X2 tab = 20.97, P>0.05;
H03 = X2 cal = 22.80, X2 tab = 16.58, df = 16,
P>0.05; and H04 = X2 cal = 47.81, X2
tab = 36.71, df = 25, P>0.05).
The
following conclusions were made that:
1.
A
significant influence of family socio-economic status.
2.
Sexuality
education on adolescents’ reproductive health problems exist, Mass media
effects will significantly influence sexual behaviour in adolescents.
3.
Family
socio-economic and cultural factors will significantly influence sexual
behaviour in adolescents.
4.
Peer
pressure will significantly influence
sexual behaviour in adolescents. The null hypotheses were rejected.
The
following recommendations were made that:
1.
The
school should ensure that it plays its role in neutralizing the negative effect
of peer pressure among students.
2.
Parents
should monitor the peers and company of their children/wards.
3.
Students
should not keep company with peers with negative influence especially with
regard to reproductive health problem.
4.
The
Federal Ministry of Education should ensure that it makes good policies that
will affect the youths positively, with regards to reproductive health issues.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of contents v
Abstract vii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
Background of the
Study 1
Statement of the
Problem 3
Purpose of the Study
4
Significance of the
Study 4
Research Questions 5
Hypotheses 6
Limitation of the
Study 6
Delimitation of the
Study 7
Definition of Terms
7
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE
REVIEW 8
Concept of
Adolescence 8
Concept of
Sexuality Education 11
Factors which
Influence Sexuality Education 12
Sexual Responses,
Behaviours and Adolescents’ Reproductive Problems 21
Sexual
Dysfunctions in Men and Women 27
Summary of the
Literature Review 33
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 34
Research design 34
Population of the
study 35
Sample and sampling
technique 35
Instrumentation 35
Validity of
instrument 36
Reliability of
research instrument 36
Procedure for data
collection 36
Procedure for data
analysis 37
CHAPTER FOUR: Data Analyses, Presentation and Discussions 38
Introduction 38
Data Presentation 38
Testing of
Hypothesis 45
CHAPTER FIVE: Summary, Recommendations and Conclusions 51
Summary of the
Study 51
Recommendations 52
Conclusions 53
References 55
Appendix 59
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background
of the Study
WHO (1980) defined
reproductive health as a state of physical, mental, and social well-being in
all matters relating to the reproductive system at all stages of life.
Reproductive health
implies that people are able to have a satisfying and safe life and the
capability to reproduce, with the freedom to decide if, when and how often to
do so. Implicit in this area are the right of men and women to be informed and
to have access to safe, effective, affordable, and acceptable methods of family
planning of their choice and the right to appropriate health-care services that
enable women to safely go through pregnancy and childbirth (Bruess, 2000).
Reproductive health
is not just the absence of the disease of the reproductive system, it covers a
whole range of conditions and processes that include: healthy sexual
development, reproductive and fertility regulation. Graham et al (2004)
documented that among women of reproductive age (15 – 44 years) in developing
countries, the burden of reproductive ill health problem is far greater than
the burden from tuberculosis, respiratory infections, motor vehicle injuries,
homicide and violence or from war. They observed that reproductive ill health
accounts for 36% disease including women compare with 12% for men.
Reproductive health
is a crucial part of general health. Some have little or no control over their
sexual lives and childbearing, others engage in behaviour that puts both them
and their partners at risk while others do not have access to the right kind of
information and services required for good health. Bell (1990) asserted that many girls and
women are socially, politically, and economically disadvantaged. They have
fever educational opportunities and consequently have limited choices about
their lives, their health and their fertility.
Graham et al (2004),
observed that knowledge of the extent of reproductive ill-health worldwide is
far from complete, but estimates indicate that there are high rates of
preventable conditions and avoidable suffering that often have devastating
effects on individuals and families. They confirmed that from childhood and
include problems such as the sexual abuse of children and harmful practices
such as female genital mutilation. Other aspect of reproductive ill-health
arise during adolescence with adopted behaviours that may have major
consequences later on. These include: unprotected sexual relations in
adolescence increase the risks of mortality and morbidity associated with
pregnancy, childbirth, induced abortion and sexually transmitted diseases
including HIV/AID infection. They however ascertained that young people often
do not have access to appropriate reproductive health services.
Statement of the Problem
There is an observed
increase in the involvement of adolescents in risky sexual behaviours with increased
teenage pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases (STD), post abortion
complications and premature deaths. There are also cases of adolescent mothers
with pregnancy complications such as Vesico Vaginal Fistula (VVF). This study
examined the factors which influence reproductive health problems and the
prevalence rate amongst adolescent
health problems.
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this
study include to:
1.
Find
out if there will be difference between the sex lives of students who are
exposed to sex education and those who are not.
2.
Find out if there will be significant effect of sex
education on sexual deviation of students?
Significance of the
Study
The findings and recommendations of this study will be of
the following benefits:
1.
Raise youth awareness on the need for sexual
literacy. Educate adolescents and youth on negative effects of risky sexual
behaviour.
2.
Increase awareness on associated personal increase
parental awareness on the need for sexual literacy in the community.
3.
It will also increase awareness in teachers on the need
to implement sexuality education secondary school.
4.
Educate the Ministry of Education and teachers on their
expected roles to promote reproductive health care and family life education in
Nigeria.
Research Questions
3.
Will
there be difference between the sex lives of students who are exposed to sex
education and those who are not?
4.
Will
there be significant effect of sex education on sexual deviation of students?
Hypotheses
5.
There
will be no significant difference between the sex lives of students who are
exposed to sex education and those who are not.
6.
There
will be no significant effect of sex education on sexual deviation of students.
Limitation
of the Study
The limitation observed during the
study consists of the reluctance of the students to participate in the study.
The researcher encouraged them by assuring privacy and confidentiality. The
participants eventually cooperated and the study was completed.
Delimitation of the Study
This study was
delimited to the following; female students from three selected senior
secondary schools in Mainland Local Government Areas of Lagos State. It was
also limited to adolescents between ages 15 and 19 years.
Definition of
Terms
Incidence: Incidence is defined as the relative
frequency of occurrence of something.
Human Sexuality: Human sexuality refers to the
expression of sexual sensation and related intimacy between human beings, as
well as the expression of identity through sex and influenced by or based on
sex.
Reproductive Health: Reproductive health is defined by
World Health Organisation (WHO, 1980) as a state of physical, mental and
social, well-being in all matters relating to the reproductive system at all
stages of life.
Sex Education: Sex
education is the introduction of sexual topics within an educational context.
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