ABSTRACT
The study focused on
the effect of polluted surface water on the health of the resident in
Ado-Odo/Ota local government Area. Water quality is
an essential ingredient of healthy and productive life, but due to rapid
industrialization and population explosion, surface waters which have been pure
in the year’s backs are no more pure. Improper waste management is seen as a
clog to the wheel of progress in terms of water quality. This study was carried
out to determine the effects of polluted surface water on the on the health of
the residents in Ado-odo/ota Local Government Ogun state. To achieve this, the
under listed objectives were formulated. To investigate various types of
surface water contaminants and their suitability, To identify the sources of
industrial waste, To investigate the classification of water quality. To
recommend the methods of water pollution and industrial waste control measures.
To achieve these objectives, the instrument used for this study was based on
questionnaire. Three hypotheses were formulated and tested. A sample size of
six hundred (600) residents of Ado odo/ota comprising one hundred and fifty
(150) from each of the fours towns of Ado-odo/ota .The study found that
aquatics animals, abdominal problems, respiratory abnormalities arises from the
polluted surface water. Based on the findings, suggestions were advance for the
improvement for the health of the residents. Establishment of surface water
quality criteria and control standard.Agricultural, industrial or urban
development should be undertaken on the basis of plan. To protect water from
being polluted, facilities for monitoring and all authorities involves with the
management of waste must effect the punishment on the industries, people that
fails to comply with the law of waste management under the supervision of
federal environmental protection Agency at every stage.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGES
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgment iv
Abstract vi
Table
of contents vii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background to the Study 1
1.2
Statement of the problem 3
1.3 Purpose of the study 4
1.4 Research Questions 4
1.5 Research
Hypotheses 4
1.6 Significance of the study 5
1.7 Limitations of the study 5
1.8 Delimitation of the study 6
1.9 Operational definition of
terms 6
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Concept
of pollution 8
2.2 Types of
pollution 9
2.3 Concept of water pollution 13
2.4 Sources and pathway of
water pollution 17
2.5 Classification of water
quality 19
2.6 Surface water contaminants 20
2.7 Control of surface water
pollution 21
2.8 Water and industry 41
2.9 Water pollution due to
industrial activities 46
2.10 Industrial utilization by
countries 49
2.11
Industrial pollution disaster around the world 50
2.12 Trends in industrial and residential
development in Nigeria: implications for 51
health and safety
2.13 History of environmental
policy and pollution control measures in 54
Nigeria(1900-2004)
2.14 Trends in pollution
control loads by domestic and industrial effluents in 70
Nigeria
2.15 Release of total organic
carbon (TOC) directly or indirectly to river 73
2.16 Health implication of
industrial waste on water 74
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method 78
3.2 Population 79
3.3 Sample and Sampling
Techniques 79
3.4 Research Instrument 79
3.5 Validity and Reliability
of the Instrument 80
3.7 Procedure for data
collection 81
3.8 Procedure for data
analysis 81
CHAPTER FOUR: ANALYSIS OF DATA, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction 82
4.2 Analysis of Demographic
Data 82
4.3 Results and Analysis 84
CHAPTER
FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary 92
5.2 Conclusion 93
5.3 Recommendation 93
REFERENCES 96
APPENDIX 104
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the
Study
Water is a primary necessity of life, and in its absence man will
survive for a few hour or days. Water is probably the body’s most essential requirement,
we can survive without air for only few minutes and without water perhaps few
days. It contributes in a variety of ways to the enjoyment, safety and progress
of human existence. The body is composed of about 60 percent water which is
essential for digestive process, blood circulation, and excretion. (Evans, 1999)
Godman (2000) opined that, water is made up of two volume of
hydrogen and one volume of oxygen, the earth is a water planet and it’s the
abundant of this unique liquid that has made life possible on earth. Water has
numerous physical, chemical and biological uses, and it could be used most
efficiently when is in its purest form. Three quarter of the planet earth is
sea, but about one third of the populations have no access to wholesome water.
Water
pollution due to discharge of untreated industrial effluents into water bodies
is a major problem in the global context. Mathuthu, Mwanga, and Simoro (2007).
The problem of water pollution is being experienced by both developing and
developed countries. Human activities give rise to water pollution by
introducing various categories of substances or waste into a water body. The
more common types of polluting substances include pathogenic organisms, oxygen
demanding organic substances, plant nutrients that stimulate all the blooms,
inorganic and organic toxic substances (Cornish & Mensah, 2009).
Agriculture, cities, and industry in this country are enormous
consumers of water. For example producing a gallon of gasoline requires five
gallons of water, brewing a barrel of beer consumes a thousand gallons, a ton
of newspaper takes about 50,000 gallons, a ton of steel requires 25,000
gallons, a family of four uses about 600 gallons of water daily. Edlin, Golany,
and Brown( 2008)
Water is continuously recycled in the environment by evaporation
and rain. However more and more water becomes polluted from pesticides, chemicals,
oil spills, and sewage therefore less and less water is suitable for human
consumption and agricultural use. Edlin, Golany, and Brown 2008. The changes in
the nutrient concentrations of water may lead to harmful effects to humans and
aquatic life. Most heavy metals in streams of water are commonly associated
with industrial discharges (Mdamo, 2001) and almost heavy metals common in
industrial effluents have cumulative toxins to aquatic life. The
physical-chemical parameters of an aquatic body not only reflect the type and
diversity of aquatic animals but also the water quality and pollution (Birley
& Lock, 1999).
The effect of water on health and sickness in this decade has
become more emphasized because of the awareness of the role of water as a
carrier of organisms and non-living materials which may be harmful to man.
(Federal Environmental Protection Agency, 2002) The purity of water is
threatened by human activities, in order to avert this trend, it would be
better to embark on proper management of this vital resource through the
incorporation of environment concerns to minimize pollution, land degradation
and associated health hazards through water supply.
Water quality monitoring involves the measurements and detection
of substances in the water to evaluate and ascertain the threat posed by such
substance to the health of the people in particular and the environment in
general. Every sphere of human life is affected by environment pollution. The
general quality of our surrounding is influenced by environmental pollution and
this, pose a risk to our health and general well-being.
1.2 Statement of the
problem
Over
the years now, the researcher has observed with keen interest that surface
water which have been as pure in the years back are no more pure, due to rapid
industrialization and pollution of surface water. Careless
disposal of untreated industrial waste on surface water might affect the
physical, chemical and biological characteristics of river ecosystem, and other
effects may include cholera, abdominal and intestinal problems, destruction of
aquatic animals, respiratory abnormalities, as well as typhoid fever. Rivers
like river yewa, river
imojiba, river ijamido, river iju, river ogbe and owode stream, are seriously
polluted by industrial waste disposal which comes from different factories .Untreated
waste water from industries like Bright product limited, Nestle Food
Nig.Limited, Prime distillers, Universal gases limited, Vintage limited,
De-United food limited, Sona breweries limited and Acreage Food Company, emits
chemicals into the nearby rivers, this discharge on water is the leading cause
of water borne diseases in the Area and low oxygen contents on river. The level
of awareness among the people is relatively low, they underestimate or ignore the
health hazard caused by the polluted water, believing a flowing river is always
suitable for consumption. However, there is a need for the people of Ado-odo/Ota
local government to be enlightened on the danger of using polluted water for
domestic purpose. Hence this study is out to investigate the perception of
Ado-odo/ota resident about effects of industrial waste on surface water.
1.3 Purpose of the study
The
purposes of the study are:
1.
Investigate
the effect of industrial waste on surface water as perceived by the people of
Ado-odo/ ota.
2.
Determine
the harm which the industrial waste may cause on the people’s health.
3. Evaluate the impact of industrial
effluents on the rivers in the area.
1.4 Research Questions
The study
provides answers to the following questions:
1.
Will
the effect of polluted surface water significantly affect aquatic animals in
Ado-Odo/Ota Rivers?
2.
Will
the effect of polluted surface water significantly influence the incidence of
abdominal problems among the people of Ado-Odo/Ota local government?
3.
Will
effect of polluted surface water have significant influence on the incidence of
respiratory abnormalities in the locality?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
The following hypotheses were tested in the study:
1.
The
effect of polluted surface water will not significantly affects aquatic animals
in Ado-Odo/Ota Rivers?
2.
The effects
of polluted surface water will not significantly influence the incidence of
abdominal problems among the people of Ado-Odo/Ota local government?
3.
The effects
of polluted surface water will not have significant influence on the incidence
of respiratory abnormalities in the locality?
1.6 Significance of the study
The
study will be of immense benefit to the health workers, local government administrators,
industries and residents of Ado-Odo/Ota local government in a bid to fashion
out ways of preventing health hazards caused as a result of surface water pollution.
The
study will serve as source of information to the management of industries on
the negative effect of their waste products on aquatic lives.
Provide
policy makers in communistic health information on the lives between industrial
waste management and the health of the resident.
1.7 Limitations of the study
The
following limitations were encountered in the research study:
1. The
result of this study cannot be generalized to all residents of Ado-Odo/Ota
local Government.
2.
Some of the respondent are illiterate, the researcher make use of research
assistant who read, interpret for such individual.
1.8 Delimitation of the study
1.
The
scope of this study were restricted to health issues in area, problems
resulting from the industrial waste products from industries
2.
The
study were delimited to variables such as industrial waste, surface water
pollution and the health of the residents of Ado-Odo/ota local government Area
3.
Descriptive
survey research method
4.
The
use of self developed questionnaire only as the research instrument
5.
Sampling
techniques(purposive 600 participants)
6.
The
use of three research assistants
7.
Frequency
counts and percentages for demographic data, while inferential statistics of
chi-square for hypotheses testing at 0.05 alpha level.
1.9 Operational definition of terms
Aquatic Animals: Are the animals living in the stream and
rivers of Ado-odo/ota
Fauna: Are all the animals living in the river ogbe, owode stream, for a particular
period
Health: is being in an optimal level of wellness of the resident in
Ado-odo/ota
Industry: Are the product manufacturing companies
in the locality
Industrial waste: refers to the solid,
liquid and gaseous emissions, residual and unwanted wastes from an industrial
operation.
Organism: is a living thing, living in or out of
water which are extremely small.
Perceived: is the level of awareness in the people
of the community
Pollution: Are the chemicals, waste or oil spills
that find their ways into river to make it unsafe for community utility.
Surface water: Are the rivers, stream in Ado-odo ota
local government.
Water pollution: is the process of making the rivers in
Ado-odo ota local government area unclean or harmful for consumption.
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