ABSTRACT
Streams, rivers and water bodies are known to pollution problems from improper waste and management systems. In this study the physicochemical and microbiological assessment of Umuokwu River, in UmudikeIkwuano Local Government Area of Abia State was carried out. An autoanalizer and cultural based techniques was used to determine the physicochemical and microbiological quality of water samples from Umuokwuriver. The results show the presence of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella species, Shigella species and Pseudomonas species. Physicochemical analysis showed the presence of total solids (37mg/l), Chloride (48mg/l), Carbondioxide (14mg/ml), Cadmium (0.019mg/l), Vinyl chloride (Nil), Magnesium (0.018mg/ml), Iron (Nil), Lead (0.152mg/l), dissolved solids (37mg/l); had a total hardness of (0.042mg/l),pH of (4.45 mg/l),total alkalinity (22mg/l) and was clear and odourless. The results show that Umuokwu River is unfit for human consumption. Therefore, I recommend that both governments at all levels and even individuals should try as much as possible to ensure use of properly treated river waters and management of waste disposal.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgment iv
Table
of contents v
List
of tables ix
Abstract x
CHAPTER
ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Aim and Objectives 2
1.2.1 Aim 2
1.2.2 Objectives 2
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review 3
2.1 Rivers 3
2.1.1 Sources of River Water 3
2.1.2 Uses of River Water 3
2.2 Physical Parameters of River Water 4
2.2.1 The pH 4
2.2.2 The Temperature 5
2.2.3 The Turbidity 5
2.2.4 The Conductivity 6
2.2.5 The Alkalinity 6
2.3 Chemical Parameters of River Water 7
2.3.1 Dissolved Oxygen (Do) 8
2.3.2 Nitrate 8
2.3.3 Phosphate 9
2.3.4 Chloride 10
2.3.5 Potassium 12
2.3.6 Calcium 13
2.3.7 Sodium 13
2.3.8 Magnesium 15
2.4 Microbiological Parameters of River Water 16
2.4.1 Bacteria 16
2.4.2 Fungi 17
2.4.3 Parasites 17
2.5 Effects of Polluted Water Bodies on human
health 18
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and Methods 20
3.1 Study Area and Sampling Techniques: 20
3.2 Isolation 20
3.3 Identification of the Isolated Organisms 21
3.3.1 Gram Staining 21
3.3.2
Catalase Test 21
3.3.3 Coagulase Test 21
3.3.4 Indole Test 22
3.3.5 Methyl Red Test 22
3.3.6 Oxidase Test 22
3.3.7 Voges-Proskauer Test 22
3.3.8 Carbohydrate Fermentation Test 23
3.3.9 Urease Test 23
3.3.10 Motility Test 23
3.4 Physicochemical Analysis 23
CHAPTER 4
4.0 Results 24
CHAPTER
5
5.0 Discussion 29
5.1 Conclusion and Recommendation 30
References 31
LIST OF TABLES
TABLES PAGE
1:
Cultural, Gram
staining and Biochemical characteristics
of bacteria isolated and identified. 25
2:
Characteristics of
fungi isolated from the sample. 26
3:
Bacterial and Fungal
colonial counts. 27
4: Physicochemical parameters
of river water 28
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background:
Water
pollution is a major global problem which requires on evolution and revision of
water resource policy at all levels. And it has been suggested course of death
and disease accounting for the death of more than 14,000 people daily (Moss,
2008). In addition to the acute problems of water pollution in developing
countries developed countries also continues to struggle with pollution
problems. For instance, in the most recent national report on water quality in
the united states, 44 percent of assessed stream miles, 64 percent of assessed
lake acres, and 30 percent of assessed bags and estuarine square miles were
classified as polluted (Di-Luzio, 2000)
Based
on the origin, sources of surface water pollution are generally grouped into
two categories: point sources and non-point sources water pollution. Point
source water pollution are contaminants that enter a waterway from a single,
identifiable source, such as a pipe or ditch. And examples of sources in this
category are discharges from a sewage treatment plant, a factory, or a city
storm drain (Moss, 2008). Non-point source water pollution are diffuse
contamination that does not originate from a single discrete source. It is the
cumulative effect of small amount of contaminants gathered from a large area.
An example of non point source water pollution is the leaching out of Nitrogen
compounds from fertilized agricultural lands (Moss, 2008). Another example of
non point source water pollution is the nutrient runoff in storm water from
sheet flow over an agricultural filed or a forest.
For
an organism to survive, water is very essential. Human body is made up of
approximately 70% by water was (Enger and Smith, 2004). However, the inability
of water to be hundred percent (100%) pure (Nsi, 2007), due to these human
activities such as agriculture, mining, urbanization and industrialization
(Sumati and Manonmani, 2016), make surface water unsafe for use.
River
water is also effected by water pollution from domestic sewage and industrial
effluents. As a result, a lot of diseases in the world today have been linked
to drinking and use of polluted waters, with diarrhea as the most consequence
(Wright et al., 2004).
1.2 Aim and objectives:
1.2.1 Aim
The
aim of this work was to evaluate the physicochemical and microbiological
quality of Anamgbo River in Isuochi, Umunneochi Local Government Area in Abia
State.
1.2.2 Objectives
Ø To
determine the physicochemical composition of the water source
Ø To
isolate, characterize and identify the various microorganisms in the water
sample.
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