abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate the milk yield and milk composition at different stages of lactation (early, mid and late) of crossbred (RS X WAD) does. Five lactating crossbred (RS X WAD) does in their 2nd and 3rd parities were used to carry out this research in a complete randomized design (CRD) experiment. Data collected were milk yield and milk composition. Week 3 and week 6 of early lactation had the highest and the lowest daily milk yields of 135.80g and 108.49g respectively, while weeks 8 and 9 had the highest and the lowest daily milk yields were of 120.13g and 76.51g respectively in the mid lactation stage. For the late lactation, the highest and the lowest daily milk yield were recorded in week 15 (66.85g) and week 18 (52.06g) respectively. Generally, milk yield of the goats decreased significantly (P<0.05) as the lactation stages advanced from early to late with daily milk yield of 100.64g, 86.91g and 52.21g, respectively for early, mid and late lactation stages. Most of the milk components: total solids, ash, butter fat, crude protein, solids-not-fat showed significantly (P<0.005) higher values in the late lactation stage of crossbred (RS X WAD) does except for milk energy that took a reverse order to the other milk components. Simple regression analysis indicated that milk yield was negative and non significantly (P<0.05) corrected with TS (r= -0.12; P>0.05), and negatively corrected with crude protein (r= -0.490;P<0.05), Milk yield was positively correlated with lactose (r=0.38: P<0.05) and butter fat (r=0.378; P<0.05). Total solids was positively but not significantly correlated with BF (r= 0.074; P>0.05), CP (r =0.144; P>0.05), and energy (r= 0.051; P>0.05). Energy and butter fat were positively and significantly correlated (r= 0.852: P<0.001). Also solid not fat was positively and non- significantly correlated with lactose (r= 0.119: P>0.05) and crude protein (r= 0.072: P>0.05). the results of this study therefore showed that lactation stage influenced the milk yield and composition in RS X WAD crossbred goats
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Certification i
Declaration ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table
of Content v
List of
Tables vii
Abstract viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Justification of the Study 2
1.3 Objective of the Study 3
1.3.1 Specific Objectives 3
Chapter TWO: Literature review 4
2.1 Goat 4
2.1.1 Importance
of Goat farming in Nigeria 4
2.2
Breeds of Goat in Nigeria 5
2.2.1 Red Sokoto 5
2.2.2 The sahel 6
2.2.3 West
African dwarf 7
2.3
Nutrition and feeding of dairy Goat 8
2.3.1 Raising Goats on pasture 10
2.4 Feed Nutrients 11
2.4.1 Energy 11
2.4.2 Protein 12
2.4.3 Mineral 13
2.4.4 Vitamins 13
2.4.5 Water 13
2.5
Importance of goat milk 14
2.6
Goat Milk Composition 14
2.7
Influence of lactation stages on quantitative and qualitative 15
milk production parameters in goats
2.7.1
Milk
yield and lactation stages in goats 15
2.7.2 Crude
protein and stages of lactation in goats 18
2.73. Fat
content and stages of lactation in goats 19
2.7.4 Lactose and stages of lactation in goats 20
2.7.5 Nutritional
requirements and lactation stages in goats 22
2.8 Factors
that affect goat milk production and quality 23
2.8.1 Genetic
factors influencing milk production and composition in goats 23
2.8.2 Non-genetic
factors influencing milk production and composition in goats 24
2.8.2.1 Effects of age and parity on yield and milk composition in
goats 24
2.8.1.2 Effects of lactation stage on
milk yield composition in goats 25
2.8.1.3 Effects of the size udder on milk yield and
milk and composition in goats 26
2.8.1.4 Effects of litter size on milk production
and composition in goats 27
2.9 Lactation
Persistency 27
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Description
of Study Site 29
3.2
Experimental Animals and their management 29
3.3 Proximate
composition of the concentrate diets and forages 30
3.4 Experimental
design 30
3.5 Milk
sampling and yield 31
3.6 Composition
of milk samples 31
3.7 Statistical
analysis 32
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.1. Proximate
Composition of the Animal Diets 33
4.2. Feed intake of Animals recorded 36
4.3 Early
Lactation Stage. 38
4.4 Mid Lactation
Stage 40
4.5 Late
Lactation Stage 43
4.6 Effects
of lactation stages on Milk Yield and Composition 45
4.7 Relationship
between Milk Yield and Some Milk Component 49
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Conclusion
and Recommendation 52 REFERENCES 53
LIST OF
TABLES
Table 4.1
Proximate composition of the concentrate diet and forages 33
Table 4.2. Feed
intake of animals 36
Table
4.3. Weekly milk yield and
constituents of crossbred (RS X WAD) 38
does
at early lactation stage (1 -6 weeks)
Table
4.4. Milk lactation stage 40
Table 4.5. Weekly
milk yield and constituents of crossbred (RS X WAD) 43
does
at late lactation stage (13 -18 weeks)
Table
4.6 Effect of lactation stages on
milk yield and composition of cross 45
bred
(RS X WAD) does
Table
4.7. The relationship between milk
yield and some milk 49
components
of crossbred (RS x WAD) does.
CHAPTER
1
1.1 Introduction
Goats
and sheep contribute more than 28% of the total meat consumed in Nigeria. Goat
meat is one of the sources of animal protein in Nigeria and has a great demand
especially in rural areas where it often attracts higher market price than
beef. They are indispensable in performing religious and customary rites (Gefu et al., 1994).
However,
over the years the awareness of the importance of goat milk has increased
(Malau-Aduli et al., 2001). Goat milk
is of interest because of variation in yield and composition which affects
quality and product yield (Pal and Agnihotri, 1997).
Goat
milk is a very useful product for subsistence peasant farmers and can also
serve as a source of animal protein. Bawala et
al. (2006) reported that milk from goat has some special qualities compared
to milk from other animals. It is also very rich in protein and fat and can
equally serve as a good source of dietary minerals. Therefore it is nutritious and
can serve as a complete food for the new born animal. Ibeawuchi et al. (2003) reported that goat milk is
more easily digested than cow milk because the fat in goat milk is finner and
more easily assimilated. They equally observed that milk from goat is rich in
antibodies which can be prescribed for the treatment of ailment in humans. Goat
milk is much valued by those who are allergic to cow's milk and ulcer patients
and can be used for raising young domestic animals.
Goat
milk is also richer and preferable in some important nutrients like vitamin A,
choline, inositol and niacin compared to cow's milk, though it is not rich in
folic acid. Lactation stage which is measured in the number of days in milk
yield, usually affects milk production (Swalve, 1995). Production of milk and its composition are
usually influenced by many factors such as breed of the animal, age of the
animal, nutrition, litter size, lactation stage, health of the animal and
environment. Among these factors, lactation stage is very significant (Pavic et al., 2002; Oravcova et al., 2006, 2007).
Ibeawuchi
et al. (2003) also observed that milk
constituents were significantly affected by stage of lactation. These
constituents tended to increase with advancing lactation. Wuschko and Seifert
(1992) also reported that during stages of lactation there were significant
changes in the amount and composition of goat milk.
1.2 JUSTIFICATION
OF THE STUDY
1.
The composition of goat milk in temperate countries has been extensively
studied and reviewed (Parkash and Jennes, 1968; Jenness and Sloan, 1970; Jenness,
1980; Haenlein, 1992), but little has been done in the tropics as regards the
milk composition of crossbred (RS X WAD) goats.
2.
The results of this study will provide relative dairy performance records of
this breed of goat for producers and breeders.
1.3 OBJECTIVE
OF THE STUDY
The
broad objective of this study was to evaluate the milk yield and composition of
a cross bred (RS X WAD) goats that were kept under an intensive management
system in the South-eastern Nigeria.
1.3.1 Specific
objectives
i.
To assess the influence of the stages of lactation on milk production of a
crossbred (RS X WAD) goats
ii.
To determine the effect of lactation stages on milk composition of a crossbred
(RS X WAD) goats.
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