ABSTRACT
Twelve kids, four each of Red Sokoto, (RS x WAD) F1 crosses and West African Dwarf were used in a 12 week study to determine the influence of Bambaranut based creep diet on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and serum and biochemical blood profile. The kids, as separated, were housed individually on cement floored pens with their dams. The animals had fresh drinking water ad-libitum. The diet was formulated to contain 30% of Bambaranut offal with other constituents and each kid was offered 150g of the creep diet daily. The kids were weighed at the beginning of the experiment and subsequently weekly. The animals were bled at 82nd day of the study while nutrient digestibility trial was carried on the 84th day. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant means were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Results obtained showed that total weight gain (TWG), average daily weight gain (ADWG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) differed significantly (P<0.05) among treatment groups. TWG (2.10kg), ADWG (25.01g/day) and FCR (4.24) were superior (P<0.05) for Red Sokoto kids relative to RS x WAD crossbred kids (0.75kg, 8.93g/day and 14.01) and WAD (0.49kg, 5.80g/day and 13.49) respectively. These parameters were lowest in the WAD kids. Nutrient digestibility (%) also differed (P<0.05) among treatment groups. The coefficient of digestibility of dry matter (76.56%), crude fibre (31.63%), nitrogen free extract (16.08%) and digestible energy (98.2%) were generally higher for RS kids (T1), relative to F1 crosses (T2) (84.10%) and WAD kids (T3) (71.78%). Except for Lymphocytes and Monocytes, all haematological parameters were not influenced (P<0.05) by treatments. Glucose, serum urea, creatinine and cholesterol however differed (p<0.05) significantly among treatments groups. Values obtained for haematological and biochemical blood profile in this study were within recommended levels for goats and indeed kids. Bambaranut offal based creep diet improved the growth performance in Red Sokoto Kids relative to RS x WAD F1crosses and WAD kids. Therefore, the above recommendations offered should be sustained: effective utilization of Bambaranut offal as alternative or replacement to expensive conventional feed stuff as well as 30% inclusion of bambaranut offal in goat nutrition indeed kids. Achievement of higher inclusion level of bambaranut offal in creep diet is subject of further research.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
Page i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgements
v
Table
of Contents viii
List
of Tables xii
Abstract xiv
CHAPTER
1: INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study 1
1.2
Objective of the Study 3
1.3
Statement of Problem 3
1.4
Justification of the
Study
4
CHAPTER
2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Goat 5
2.1.1 Origin
and domestication of goats 5
2.1.2 Distribution
and population of goats in Nigeria 6
2.1.3 Types
and breeds of goats 7
2.1.3.1 Types of goat 7
2.1.3.2 Breeds of goat 7
2.2 Benefit
of Raising Goats 11
2.3 Socio-Economic
Importance of Goats in Nigeria 14
2.4 Management
System/Husbandry of Goats 15
2.4.1 Extension/free-range
system 15
2.4.1.1 Traditional goats husbandry in villages 15
2.4.1.2 Traditional goats husbandry in towns/cities 16
2.4.2 Herding
system 16
2.4.3 Transhumane
systems 17
2.4.4 Intensive
system 17
2.4.5 Semi-intensive
system 17
2.4.5.1 Improved private goat husbandry 18
2.4.5.2 Modern goat husbandry 18
2.5 Raising
Goats on Concentrates 19
2.6 Advantages
and Constraints on Use of Concentrates in Goat Rearing 19
2.7 Creep
Diets and Creep Feeding To Kid Goats 20
2.7.1 Creep
diet 20
2.7.2 Constituents
of creep diet for kid goats 20
2.7.3 Quality
of a creep diet 21
2.7.4 Creep
feeding 23
2.7.5 Advantages
of creep feeding 23
2.8 Bambaragroundnut
Legume (Vigna Subterreanean (L) Verde) 25
2.9 Bambara
Groundnut Offals 26
2.10 Anti-Nutritional
Factors (ANFS) in Bambaranut (vigna
subterrreanean
(L) Verde) 29
2.10.1 Processing
methods of eliminating anti-nutritional factors (ANFS)
in
Bambaranut (Vigna subterranean (L) Verde) 30
2.10.1.1 Cooking or boiling in water 30
2.10.1.2 Soaking 31
2.10.1.3 Toasting and autoclaving 31
2.11 Utilization
of Bambaranut offal as feedstuff 32
2.12 Nutrient
Requirement of Goats 32
2.12.1 Dry matter requirements of goats 33
2.12.2 Protein requirement 34
2.12.3 Energy requirement 34
2.12.4 Mineral requirement 36
2.12.5 Vitamin requirement 40
2.12.6 Water requirement 40
2.13 Measurement
of Nutrient Utilization 38
2.13.1 Growth trial 38
2.13.2 Digestibility of nutrients by
ruminant animal 45
2.14 Hematological
and Blood Chemistry 48
2.14.1 Packed cell volume (PCV) 48
2.14.2 White blood cell (WBC) count 49
2.14.3 Red blood cells (RBC) count 50
2.14.4 Haemoglobin (Hb) 51
2.14.5 Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) or
mean cell volume (MCV) 52
2.14.6 Mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) 52
2.14.7
Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) 53
2.14.8 Serum biochemistry of goats
56
2.14.9 Serum albumin and serum globulin 58
2.14.10 Total serum protein (TSP) 58
2.14.11 Glucose 59
2.13.12 Serum creatinine 60
2.14.13 Serum urea 61
2.14.14 Serum cholesterol 62
CHAPTER
3: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Experimental
Site 63
3.2 Source
of Feed Ingredients 63
3.3 Experimental
Diet 63
3.4 Management
of Experimental Animals 65
3.4.1 Duration
of experiment 65
3.5 Nutrient
Digestibility Study 65
3.6 Blood
Profile 66
3.7 Chemical
Analysis 67
3.8 Experimental
Design, Models, Data Collections and Analysis
67
3.9 Statistical
Analysis 68
CHAPTER
4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.0 Proximate
Composition 69
4.1 Proximate
Composition of Bambara Groundnut Offal 70
4.2 Proximate
Composition of Experimental Diet (Bambaranut Offal
Based
Creep Diet) 72
4.3 Feed
Intake and Growth Performance of Red Sokoto (RS), F1 Crosses
(RS
x WAD) and West African Dwarf (WAD), Kids Fed Bambaranut
Offal
Based Creep Diet 76
4.4: Nutrient
Digestibility of Red Sokoto (RS), F1 Crosses (RS x WAD)
and
West African Dwarf (WAD) Kids fed Bambaranut offal based creep
diet. 79
4.5: Haematological
Parameters of Red Sokoto (RS),
F1 Crosses (RS x WAD)
and West African Dwarf (WAD) kids fed bambaranut offal based creep
diet.84
4.6: Serum
biochemical indices of Red Sokoto (RS), F1
Crosses (RS x WAD)
and West African Dwarf (WAD) kids fed
Bambaranut offal based creep
diet are summarized in Table 4.6 90
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion 92
5.2 Recommendation 92
References 94
LIST
OF TABLES
2.1: Nutrient composition of goats and other
types of meat 13
2.2: Showing minimum specification for a meat
goat creep diet 22
2.3: Essential amino acids content of
Bambaranut (Mg/gN) 28
2.4: Daily mineral allowances for goats 38
2.5: Trace mineral allowance in goat rations 39
2.6:
Requirement of goats for various body
functions 42
2.7: Growth performance of west african dwarf
(WAD) goats and
red sokoto (RS) goats. 44
2.8: Apparent digestibility of various dietary
constituents by different
ruminants 47
2.9: Comparative haematological
components/values of Nigerian small
ruminant species (healthy
goats and kid-goats) 54
2.10: Shows comparative serum biochemical values
of Nigerian small
ruminant
species (healthy goats and kids goats) 57
3.1: Proximate composition of experimental
creep diet 64
4.1: Proximate composition of Bambara groundnut
offal 70
4.2:
Proximate composition of experimental
diet (Bambaranut offal
based
creep diet) 72
4.3: Feed intake and growth performance of red
sokoto (RS),
F1
crosses (RS x WAD) and west African dwarf (WAD), kids
fed
Bambaranut offal based creep diet 76
4.4: Nutrient digestibility of red sokoto (RS),
F1 crosses (RS x WAD)
and
west african dwarf (WAD) kids fed Bambaranut offal based
creep
diet. 79
4.5a: Haematological parameters of red sokoto (RS), F1 crosses (RS x WAD)
and west african dwarf (WAD) kids fed
Bambaranut offal
based creep diet. 84
4.5b: Haematological values of research
findings and recommended
range
of red sokoto (RS), F1 crosses (RS x WAD)
and west
African dwarf (WAD) kids fed Bambaranut
offal based creep diet. 85
4.6a: Serum biochemical indices of red
sokoto (RS), F1 crossbred
(RS x WAD) and west african dwarf (WAD)
kids fed Bambaranut
offal based creep diet 90
4.6b: Serum biochemical indices of
research findings and
recommended range of red sokoto (RS), F1
crosses (RS x WAD)
and west African dwarf (WAD) kids fed
Bambaranut offal based
creep diet 91
CHAPTER
1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
OF THE STUDY
The need to match animal protein
consumption with available feedstuff resources which is available at little or
no cost in developing countries have necessitated more research into the use of
available local feedstuff by-product, for instance bambaranut offals in
ruminant animal production (Preston and Leng, 1989; Ayorinde and Aromolaran,
1998). Though, animal protein consumption is low in developing countries, which
Nigeria being not an exception, approximately 54 grams of protein is consumed
per head daily in developing countries as against 80 grams recommended (FAO,
1991). The utilization of local by-product is a rational and sustainable way of
achieving fast growth and viable profitability in ruminant production (FAO,
2012).
The ever-increasing demand of protein
from livestock with the attendant increase in the cost of producing farm
animals and their products have created a wide gap between animal protein
supply and its demand (Onu et al.,
2006). This has also necessitated a need to explore the use of alternative feed
by-products such as Bambaranut (Vigna
subterranean) offal, which is cheaper, less competitive and readily
available than soyabean (Akinmutimi et
al., 2006; Ani et al., 2009; Nwambe and Elechi, 2009).
Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean)
is a self-pollinating annual leguminous plant which was formerly known as Voandzeia subterranean and belong to the
family “Fabaceae” and subfamily “Faboidea” and native to Africa (Oyenuga, 1981;
Bamshaiye et al., 2011).
Bambara groundnut seeds contain 12.13
to 22.9% crude protein and gross energy of 19MJ/kg DM (Ndiokwere, 1982; Apata
and Ologhobo, 1994). Bambaranut seed meal is richer in amino acid including
lysine (6.6%) and methionine (1.3%) than other grain legumes (Omoihkoje, 2008).
The crop ranks third among the grain legume crops of Africa after groundnut and
cowpeas in terms of production and consumption (Linnemann, 1992).
The role of grain legume in the diet
of animals and man in developing countries has been earlier reported (Agbede,
2000). However, the use of Bambaranut offal in the feeding of ruminant animals is
limited particularly in goat feeding since there is no much literature on
indepth utilization of Bambaranut (Vigna
subterranean) offals for ruminant nutrition, its nutritional quality has
necessitated its utilization as livestock feedstuff (Olomu, 1995) notwithstanding
the presence of anti-nutritional factors (ANF) as protease inhibitors, haemaglutinins,
tannin, cyanogenic glycosides and flatulence factors in the raw Bambara
groundnut (Doku and Karikari, 1981). It is worthy to note that processing
techniques like fermentation, roasting, autoclaving can improve nutritional
quality and non-availability of nutrients present in legume (Oloyede et al., 2010).
Several researchers have advocated
the need to solving the problem of animal protein by seeking for prolific,
indigenous animal species with vast characteristics (Ahamefule and Ibeawuchi,
2005). The red Sokoto goats with West African Dwarf (WAD) crosses have been
developed to be most prevalent in the Sokoto provinces, Sudan and Sahel
Savannah though reared in the hot humid forest zones of Southern Nigeria, where
they have acclimatized to the tsetse fly infestation. They enjoy relative
acceptance due to their less odour than the West African Dwarf (WAD) goats.
Nutrition has been identified as one of the major factors responsible for poor
performance of this indigenous breeds (Adamu et al., 2010; Garba et al.,
2010). This animals are exposed to severe nutritional stress, especially during
dry season when fodder is scarce and of low quality (Agishi, 1985; Lamidi et al., 2010), this leads to weight
loss, mortality, decreased reproductive performance and kid mortality
(Ahamefule, 2005). Therefore, there is need to improve on the productivity of
these breeds and hence supplement the diets of the kids with higher quality
concentrates.
Hematological constituents reflect
the physiological responsiveness of the animals to its internal and externals
environments which include feeds and feedings (Esonu et al., 2001). Researchers have found that feeding various diets
affect the haemotology and serum biochemistry of livestock. Therefore, this
study was designed to investigate the Influence on Performance of Red Sokoto,
West African Dwarf and (RS x WAD) F1 Crosses Kids to Bambaranut (Vigna subterranean) offal based creep
diet.
1.2 OBJECTIVE
OF THE STUDY
The broad objective of this research
is to determine the influence on performance of Red Sokoto, West African Dwarf
and (RS x WAD) F1 Crosses Kids to Bambaranut (Vigna subterranean) offal based creep diet.
The specific objectives of this
research are:
i.
To determine the growth
performance of Red Sokoto, West African Dwarf (WAD), and (RS x WAD) F1
crosses kids fed Bambaranut (Vigna
subterranean) offal based creep diets.
ii.
To determine the nutrient
digestibility of Red Sokoto (RS), West African Dwarf (WAD) and (RS x WAD) F1
crosses kids fed Bambaranut offal based creep diet.
iii.
To evaluate the
haematology and serum biochemistry values of Red Sokoto, West African Dwarf
(WAD) and (RS x WAD) F1 Crosses kids fed Bambaranut (Vigna subterranean) offal based creep
diet.
1.3 STATEMENT
OF PROBLEM
One of the major problems to chevon
production in the Southeast and indeed Nigeria is nutrition. Fodder provision
in this ecological zone (Southeast) follows the weather rhythm often
characterized by scarce and scanty feed resource in the dry season. This
affects the overall performance of our indigenous ruminant livestock, like Red
Sokoto and West African Dwarf (WAD) goats, which depend solely on natural
vegetation for survival. Provision of creep diet for kids of these small
ruminants would enhance full expression of genetic potentials, promote
post-weaning weights and ultimately result in early maturity in timely
production of affordable animal protein (chevon) for the Nigeria’s teeming
population.
1.4 JUSTIFICATION
OF THE STUDY
Bambaranut offal is a very good and
rich source of protein. It is cheap and readily available all year round. The
nutritional composition is similar to those of groundnut meal and therefore can
be used effectively as a replacement or alternative to these expensive
conventional protein sources. Utilization of this feed resource for formulation
of creep diet would ensure year round provision of nutrition for kids in their
development stage which later impact their overall life performance.
Login To Comment