ABSTRACT
This work investigated the effect of x-ray irradiation on the anatomy, proximate and anti-nutrient composition of the leaf of Capsicum frutescens. Seedlings of C. frutescens where exposed to x-irradiation at 5, 10, 15 20 MGy using a therapeutic X-ray machine. While some seeds were not exposed to serve as control. Planting was done in completely randomised design (CRD) using plastic bucket. Data was collected randomly 14 weeks after planting (WAP). Analysis of variance was used to analyse the collected data. Structural observation of the anatomical sections was done using digital novel microscope (scope 9.0) after sectioning of the leaves, stems and roots. From the results, exposure of the seedlings increased the flavonoid tannin and phenol content of the leaf. Alkaloids content of the plants did not show much response at high irradiation dose of 20 MGy. In this study phytate contents did not respond to irradiation treatment. Anatomical studies of the root, stem, and leaf sections showed a clear-cut differences or change in structure. Moisture, carbohydrate contents of the studied leaves reduced with increase in irradiation dose. Protein, ash responded with positive increase as irradiation dose increased. Fat steadily increased with increase in irradiation. Crude fibre was less than the control at high irradiation dose of 20 MGy. Photomicrographs of the anatomical sections revealed that high irradiation doses of 10 – 20 MGy affected the some structures in the roots, stem and leaves of the plants. Summarily, X-ray irradiation affected the studied parameters in C. frutescens especially at higher irradiation doses. Studies should be further carried out on the effect of ionizing irradiation on nutritional content of plant to ensure the biosafety of this technology.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Table of Content vi
List of Tables viii
Abstract ix
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Justification 4
1.3 Aims and objectives 4
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Botany of the plant 5
2.2 Propagation and planting 5
2.3 Pest and diseases of pepper (C. frutenscens) 6
2.4 Effect of irradiation on plant gene,
growth and development 7
2.5 Effect of irradiation on some chemical contents
of plants 8
2.6 Effect of irradiation on plant anatomy 9
2.7 Economic importance of pepper 10
CHAPTER THREE
Materials and Methods 11
3.1 Collection of sample 11
3.2 Treatment of sample 11
3.3 Planting/Experimental design 11
3.4 Epidermal studies 12
3.5 Anatomical studies 12
3.6 Photomicrography 12
3.7 Quantitative phytochemical analysis 13
3.7.1 Determination of alkaloids 13
3.7.2 Determination of phenols 13
3.7.3 Determination of flavonoids 14
3.7.4 Determination of tannins 14
3.8 Proximate
composition analysis 14
3.8.1 Moisture
content determination 15
3.8.2 Crude
protein determination 15
3.8.3 Crude
ash determination 16
3.8.4 Crude
fat determination 16
3.8.5 Crude
fibre determination 17
3.8.6 Carbohydrate
determination 18
3.9 Statistical
analysis 18
CHAPTER FOUR
Results and Discussion 19
4.1 Results 19
4.1.1 Effect of x-irradiated on anti-nutrient
composition
C.
frutescens leaves 19
4.1.2 Effect of x-irradiated on proximate
composition
C.
frutescens leaves 21
4.1.3 Effect of x-irradiation on the anatomy of
the studied plants 23
4.2 Discussion 31
CHAPTER FIVE
Conclusion and Recommendation 35
5.1 Conclusion 35
5.2 Recommendation 35
REFERENCES 36
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.11 Anti-nutrient composition of x-irradiated
Capsicum
frutescens leaves 20
Table 4.1.2 Proximate composition of x-irradiated
Capsicum frutescens leaves 22
CHAPTER 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Over the years, plants breeders and agricultural
developers has always been on the move toward increasing crop plants
productivity to sustain the ever growing human population and mitigate the
scarcity of food associated with this population growth. Global food
scarcity/security continues to be the centre stage issue and plant breeders are
under pressure to sustain the food production to meet the demand. Further to
the problem, the erratic climate change because of its direct effects on both
food production and food security has mounted the pressure to develop the
sustainable means of food production. Jain (2010) reported that there
is need to produce plant varieties that can not only resist the abiotic and
biotic stress associated with climate change but also play important role in
increased yield.
Mutation
breeding dates back to the beginning of the 20th century. Physical
mutagenic treatments have included gamma, x-ray and neutron irradiation. In the
1950s, there was a global spread of gamma irradiation for plant mutagenesis,
especially to create desired mutants for plant breeding. However, with the
security risks associated with gamma irradiation, strict international regulations
have been placed on gamma irradiation (Mostrangelo, 2010). This restriction now
limits Gamma irradiation for plant mutagenesis. Other sources of irradiation
have been investigated for mutation breeding by the Plant Genetics and Breeding
Laboratory (PBGL) of the FAO/IAEA.
Mutation
breeding techniques have been used in many crop plants Brenner et al. (2000) on Amaranthus; Ochatt et
al. (2001) on Lathyrus sativus; Munoz, (2000) on tobacco. Exposing
plants to mutagens enhances the chance of isolating unique genetic traits. It
is one possible alternative to conventional breeding for crop improvement- indeed
mutation can rapidly create variability in quantitative and qualitative
inherited traits in plant crops (Mudull and Mishra, 2007).
Although
the effects of X-irradiation have been observed in human for medical purposes,
there is limited information about its role/effects on plants since it’s a
novel technology in plant growth and development (i.e. dose-dependent) (Gustafsson
and Sandbreg 1995). It is important to study the effects of X-irradiation since
a number of institutions are using x-ray machines to evaluate seed
characteristics, and how changes such characteristics induced mutagenesis has
been used to obtain direct mutants or by using these mutants in hybridization
(Ahloowalia et al. 2004) to overcome
low yield and generate desirable agronomic traits. Mutation breeding has
contributed greatly to crop improvement resulting in the release of our 2250 varieties
of different crops.
Mutagenesis in crop plant significantly
influences the morphological and physiological parameters which invariably
enhance yield and resistance top pests and diseases (Gopalakrishan and
Selvanaryanam 2009; Tomlekova 2010). De-Micco
et al. (2011) reported that radiation
can have positive, null or negative effects on plant growth and development.
The role of irradiation in altering the chemical contents of plants is still
debatable and under investigation. De-Micco et
al. (2001), deduced that the role of irradiation on the chemical content of
plants is dose dependent. There is death of information of the effect of
irradiation on plant anatomy.
The
present quagmire on the role of X-irradiation in altering the chemical (antinutrient
and nutrient) composition of crops plant informs this study. This study will also
look at the role played by mutagens with respect to some anatomical features in
the leaves, root and stem of the studied plants.
It
has been established by many researcher that at the appropriate dose, mutagens
improve crop yield, growth and development, it is therefore imperative that
studies be carried out to know if these mutagens alters the chemical and
anatomical parameters of these exposed plants.
Grubben
and Denton (2008), reported that the plant Capsicum is in the family Solanaceae and
it is native to southern North of America. The fruit is berry and may be green,
yellow or red when ripe. There are more than 200 common names in use for this
plant species. The most common include: chilli pepper, paprika (sweet varieties);
bell pepper, cayenne, jalapons, chiltepin (hot varieties); Christmas pepper
(ornamental). In the past, some woody forms of this species have been called C. frutescens, but the features that
were used to distinguish those forms appear in many population of co annum and
there is no consistently recognizable C. frutescens species. Capiscum can be difficult to separate
from cultivated C. chinese (the
hottest pepper. Capsicum terminology can be very confusing with pepper, chilli,
chile, chili, aji, paprika and C. alluse, are used interchangeably to
describe the plant. There are many local cultivars grown in West Africa. In
Nigeria alone, more than 200 selections are known. Sweet pepper are very often
used as a bulking agent in readymade meals because they are cheap, have strong flavour,
have strong colour and are readily and seasonally available (Janick and Paul, 2009)
The
role of plants in nutritional and pharmaceutical industries stems from the
nutrients and antinutrient composition of the plants or its parts. The
medicinal, nutritional and edible values of pepper are largely dependent on the
concentration of the nutrient and antinutrient compounds derived from the
plants. These compounds can be made useful by cooking or processing the plant
to extract the required compound for human and other uses.
1.2 Justification
There have been several reports on the effects of
ionization irradiation on growth parameters in plants without much
investigation on the nutritional and chemical contents of these irradiated
plants. There is also dearth of information on the response of plant anatomical
structures to ionizing irradiation exposure. This study will therefore
investigate the response of Capsicum frutescens to X-ray irradiation with respect
to anatomy, chemical and proximate of the plant.
1.3 Aims and objectives
The aim of this study is to examine the effect of
x-irradiation of the seed level on the anatomy and antinutrient contents of
Capsicum frutescens with specific objective being;
a. to
determine if the exposure of the pepper to irradiation caused alteration in the
anatomy of the leaves, stems and root.
b. to
evaluate the effect of the different doses of irradiation on the phyto-chemical
composition (antinutrient) of the leaves and roots.
c. to
evaluate the effect of the different doses of irradiation on the nutrient
composition of the leaves and roots.
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