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EFFECT OF X-IRRADIATION ON THE ANATOMY, PROXIMATE AND PHYTO-CHEMICAL (ANTI-NUTRIENT) COMPOSITION OF RED PEPPER (CAPSICUM FRUTENSCENS L.)

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Product Code: 00009690

No of Pages: 49

No of Chapters: 1-5

File Format: Microsoft Word

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ABSTRACT

This work investigated the effect of x-ray irradiation on the anatomy, proximate and anti-nutrient composition of the leaf of Capsicum frutescens. Seedlings of C. frutescens where exposed to x-irradiation at 5, 10, 15 20 MGy using a therapeutic X-ray machine. While some seeds were not exposed to serve as control. Planting was done in completely randomised design (CRD) using plastic bucket. Data was collected randomly 14 weeks after planting (WAP). Analysis of variance was used to analyse the collected data. Structural observation of the anatomical sections was done using digital novel microscope (scope 9.0) after sectioning of the leaves, stems and roots. From the results, exposure of the seedlings increased the flavonoid tannin and phenol content of the leaf. Alkaloids content of the plants did not show much response at high irradiation dose of 20 MGy.  In this study phytate contents did not respond to irradiation treatment. Anatomical studies of the root, stem, and leaf sections showed a clear-cut differences or change in structure. Moisture, carbohydrate contents of the studied leaves reduced with increase in irradiation dose. Protein, ash responded with positive increase as irradiation dose increased. Fat steadily increased with increase in irradiation. Crude fibre was less than the control at high irradiation dose of 20 MGy. Photomicrographs of the anatomical sections revealed that high irradiation doses of 10 – 20 MGy affected the some structures in the roots, stem and leaves of the plants. Summarily, X-ray irradiation affected the studied parameters in C. frutescens especially at higher irradiation doses. Studies should be further carried out on the effect of ionizing irradiation on nutritional content of plant to ensure the biosafety of this technology. 






TABLE OF CONTENT

 

Title page                                                                                                                    i

Declaration                                                                                                                 ii

Certification                                                                                                               iii

Dedication                                                                                                                  iv

Acknowledgement                                                                                                      v

Table of Content                                                                                                         vi

List of Tables                                                                                                              viii      

Abstract                                                                                                                      ix

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.1       Introduction                                                                                                    1

1.2       Justification                                                                                                    4

1.3       Aims and objectives                                                                                       4                     

 

CHAPTER TWO

2.1       Botany of the plant                                                                                         5

2.2       Propagation and planting                                                                                5

2.3       Pest and diseases of pepper (C. frutenscens)                                                  6

2.4       Effect of irradiation on plant gene, growth and development                      7

2.5       Effect of irradiation on some chemical contents of plants                             8

2.6       Effect of irradiation on plant anatomy                                                           9         

2.7       Economic importance of pepper                                                                    10

 

CHAPTER THREE

Materials and Methods                                                                                            11

3.1       Collection of sample                                                                                       11

3.2       Treatment of sample                                                                                       11

3.3       Planting/Experimental design                                                                        11

3.4       Epidermal studies                                                                                           12

3.5       Anatomical studies                                                                                         12

3.6       Photomicrography                                                                                          12

3.7       Quantitative phytochemical analysis                                                              13

3.7.1    Determination of alkaloids                                                                             13

3.7.2    Determination of phenols                                                                               13

3.7.3    Determination of flavonoids                                                                           14

3.7.4    Determination of tannins                                                                                14

3.8       Proximate composition analysis                                                                     14

3.8.1    Moisture content determination                                                                     15

3.8.2    Crude protein determination                                                                          15

3.8.3    Crude ash determination                                                                                16

3.8.4    Crude fat determination                                                                                 16

3.8.5    Crude fibre determination                                                                              17

3.8.6    Carbohydrate determination                                                                           18

3.9       Statistical analysis                                                                                          18

 

CHAPTER FOUR

Results and Discussion                                                                                             19

4.1       Results                                                                                                            19

4.1.1    Effect of x-irradiated on anti-nutrient composition

            C. frutescens leaves                                                                                        19

4.1.2    Effect of x-irradiated on proximate composition

            C. frutescens leaves                                                                                        21

4.1.3    Effect of x-irradiation on the anatomy of the studied plants                          23       

4.2       Discussion                                                                                                       31

 

CHAPTER FIVE

Conclusion and Recommendation                                                                          35

5.1       Conclusion                                                                                                      35

5.2       Recommendation                                                                                           35

 

REFERENCES                                                                                                         36

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

LIST OF TABLES

 

Table 4.11       Anti-nutrient composition of x-irradiated

Capsicum frutescens leaves                                                                20

Table 4.1.2      Proximate composition of x-irradiated

                        Capsicum frutescens leaves                                                                22

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER 1


1.0       INTRODUCTION

Over the years, plants breeders and agricultural developers has always been on the move toward increasing crop plants productivity to sustain the ever growing human population and mitigate the scarcity of food associated with this population growth. Global food scarcity/security continues to be the centre stage issue and plant breeders are under pressure to sustain the food production to meet the demand. Further to the problem, the erratic climate change because of its direct effects on both food production and food security has mounted the pressure to develop the sustainable means of food production. Jain (2010) reported that there is need to produce plant varieties that can not only resist the abiotic and biotic stress associated with climate change but also play important role in increased yield.

            Mutation breeding dates back to the beginning of the 20th century. Physical mutagenic treatments have included gamma, x-ray and neutron irradiation. In the 1950s, there was a global spread of gamma irradiation for plant mutagenesis, especially to create desired mutants for plant breeding. However, with the security risks associated with gamma irradiation, strict international regulations have been placed on gamma irradiation (Mostrangelo, 2010). This restriction now limits Gamma irradiation for plant mutagenesis. Other sources of irradiation have been investigated for mutation breeding by the Plant Genetics and Breeding Laboratory (PBGL) of the FAO/IAEA.

            Mutation breeding techniques have been used in many crop plants Brenner et al. (2000) on Amaranthus; Ochatt et al. (2001) on Lathyrus sativus; Munoz, (2000) on tobacco. Exposing plants to mutagens enhances the chance of isolating unique genetic traits. It is one possible alternative to conventional breeding for crop improvement- indeed mutation can rapidly create variability in quantitative and qualitative inherited traits in plant crops (Mudull and Mishra, 2007).

            Although the effects of X-irradiation have been observed in human for medical purposes, there is limited information about its role/effects on plants since it’s a novel technology in plant growth and development (i.e. dose-dependent) (Gustafsson and Sandbreg 1995). It is important to study the effects of X-irradiation since a number of institutions are using x-ray machines to evaluate seed characteristics, and how changes such characteristics induced mutagenesis has been used to obtain direct mutants or by using these mutants in hybridization (Ahloowalia et al. 2004) to overcome low yield and generate desirable agronomic traits. Mutation breeding has contributed greatly to crop improvement resulting in the release of our 2250 varieties of different crops.

             Mutagenesis in crop plant significantly influences the morphological and physiological parameters which invariably enhance yield and resistance top pests and diseases (Gopalakrishan and Selvanaryanam 2009; Tomlekova 2010).  De-Micco et al. (2011) reported that radiation can have positive, null or negative effects on plant growth and development. The role of irradiation in altering the chemical contents of plants is still debatable and under investigation. De-Micco et al. (2001), deduced that the role of irradiation on the chemical content of plants is dose dependent. There is death of information of the effect of irradiation on plant anatomy.

            The present quagmire on the role of X-irradiation in altering the chemical (antinutrient and nutrient) composition of crops plant informs this study. This study will also look at the role played by mutagens with respect to some anatomical features in the leaves, root and stem of the studied plants.

            It has been established by many researcher that at the appropriate dose, mutagens improve crop yield, growth and development, it is therefore imperative that studies be carried out to know if these mutagens alters the chemical and anatomical parameters of these exposed plants.

            Grubben and Denton (2008), reported that the plant Capsicum is in the family Solanaceae and it is native to southern North of America. The fruit is berry and may be green, yellow or red when ripe. There are more than 200 common names in use for this plant species. The most common include: chilli pepper, paprika (sweet varieties); bell pepper, cayenne, jalapons, chiltepin (hot varieties); Christmas pepper (ornamental). In the past, some woody forms of this species have been called C. frutescens, but the features that were used to distinguish those forms appear in many population of co annum and there is no consistently recognizable C. frutescens species. Capiscum can be difficult to separate from cultivated C. chinese (the hottest pepper. Capsicum terminology can be very confusing with pepper, chilli, chile, chili, aji, paprika and C. alluse, are used interchangeably to describe the plant. There are many local cultivars grown in West Africa. In Nigeria alone, more than 200 selections are known. Sweet pepper are very often used as a bulking agent in readymade meals because they are cheap, have strong flavour, have strong colour and are readily and seasonally available (Janick and Paul, 2009)

            The role of plants in nutritional and pharmaceutical industries stems from the nutrients and antinutrient composition of the plants or its parts. The medicinal, nutritional and edible values of pepper are largely dependent on the concentration of the nutrient and antinutrient compounds derived from the plants. These compounds can be made useful by cooking or processing the plant to extract the required compound for human and other uses.


1.2       Justification

There have been several reports on the effects of ionization irradiation on growth parameters in plants without much investigation on the nutritional and chemical contents of these irradiated plants. There is also dearth of information on the response of plant anatomical structures to ionizing irradiation exposure. This study will therefore investigate the response of Capsicum frutescens to X-ray irradiation with respect to anatomy, chemical and proximate of the plant.


1.3       Aims and objectives

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of x-irradiation of the seed level on the anatomy and antinutrient contents of Capsicum frutescens with specific objective being;

a.     to determine if the exposure of the pepper to irradiation caused alteration in the anatomy of the leaves, stems and root.

b.     to evaluate the effect of the different doses of irradiation on the phyto-chemical composition (antinutrient) of the leaves and roots.

c.     to evaluate the effect of the different doses of irradiation on the nutrient composition of the leaves and roots.

 

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