ABSTRACT
Bacteria present in the poultry environment could enter the flock and produce disease. One of the serious problems is that poultry farms if not properly and regularly cleaned serves as a nutritional source for the growth of several pathogenic bacteria and thereby causes disease outbreaks. A total number of 50 samples were collected from two poultry farms in Umudike. The sources were from the birds and the environment, which were processed in the Medical laboratory by standard methods. Seven isolates were observed which are E. coli, Coagulase negative staphylococcus(CNS), Proteus spp., Klebseilla spp., Streptococcus spp., Bacillus spp., and S. aureus while E. coli had the highest frequency. This study was undertaken to identify the bacteria isolated from poultry and its environment and to check their antibiotics sensitivity pattern. Antibiotics sensitivity pattern revealed that chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, augmentin, tarivid and rocephin were effective on the isolates, erythromycin was also sensitive to S. aureus, CNS, and Streptococcus spp.
TABLE
OF CONTENT
Cover page
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of content v
List of table ix
Abstract x
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
Introduction 1
1.1 Aims and objectives 3
1.2 Scope of study 3
1.3 Statements of problems 3
1.4 Significance of the study 4
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review 5
2.1 Poultry and its environment 5
2.1.1 Issues
at the level of production and processing unit 6
2.1.1.1 Local disturbances 6
2.1.1.2 Poultry carcass 8
2.1.2 Poultry manure 9
2.1.2.1 Nutrients 9
2.1.2.2 Heavy metals 9
2.1.2.3 Drug resistance 10
2.1.2.4 Pathogens 10
2.1.3 Environmental issues 11
2.2 Bacterial
pathogens associated with birds and poultry farms 11
2.2.1. Enteropathogens 12
2.2.2. Non-Enteropathogens 15
2.3. Susceptibility of birds to bacterial
infection 20
2.4 Zoonotic diseases from poultry and birds 23
2.5 Management
of poultry farms for reduction of zoonotics 29
and foodborne illnesses
2.5.1 Farm management 29
2.5.2. Animal waste management 31
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and methods 33
3.1 Study area 33
3.2 Sample collection 33
3.3 Media and
materials used 33
3.4 Microbiological analysis 34
3.4.1 Inoculation of samples 34
3.4.2 Isolation and identification of bacterial
isolates 34
3.5 Gram staining 34
3.6 Antibiotics sensitivity test 35
3.6.1 Disk diffusion method 35
3.7 Biochemical identification of the
isolates 35
3.7.1 Catalase
test 35
3.7.2 Coagulase test 36
3.7.3 Oxidase test 36
3.7.4 Indole test 36
3.7.5 Citrate utilization test 37
3.7.6 Urease test 37
3.7.7 The MRVP test: methyl red/Vogesprokaurtest 37
3.7.8 Sugar fermentation test 38
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results 39
4.1 Results 39
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation 46
5.1 Discussion 46
5.2 Conclusion 47
5.3 Recommendation 48
References 49
LIST
OF TABLES
Table 1: Sources of Samples 40
Table 2: Types of isolates and frequency 41
Table 3: Frequency of isolates from particular sources 42
Table 4: Morphology and cultural characteristics of
the isolates 43
Table 5: Biochemical test for identification of the
isolates 44
Table 6:
Antibiotics sensitivity pattern of isolates 45
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Poultry
provide globally important sources of animal protein and are amongst the most
intensively reared of all livestock species. Diseases of poultry are therefore
of major concern, both locally and on an international scale. Poultry
production have been brought to the edge, because of the large numbers of
infectious diseases outbreaks; that strikes the poultry farms from time to time
in the absence of good hygiene. It is also important to consider the concept
of, and the need for, biosecurity or the range of management procedures
designed to protect livestock from infection (Webster,2004). Bacteria present
in poultry environment may enter into the flock to produce disease. There are
also reports indicating that poultry feed and water may act as a source for
various infectious diseases (Rahman et al.,1999). In addition, poultry itself
may act as a reservoir or source of infectious agent for other healthy birds.
Therefore, it is important to know the prevalence and distribution of different
bacterial flora in poultry and it’s environment as many of them may be
potential pathogen for poultry. Such information is also required to take
necessary actions for the prevention and control of diseases caused by
bacterial pathogens. The low productivity in traditional systems is mainly due
to high mortality, which is caused by mismanagement, diseases, lack of
nutritional feeding and predators. As Also, the increasing popularity of “urban
chickens”, or backyard poultry, means that many clinics and laboratories may be
presented with sick birds and need to advise clients on potential human
diseases that could be transmitted from poultry or their products.
In
general, there are two ways that humans can get diseases from poultry. One is
being around the live birds and the other is food borne, through exposure to,
or consuming meat or egg products from the infected birds (Elizabeth, et al., 2013).
The structure of the poultry meat and egg production
industries provides both challenges and opportunities in the area of poultry
health; one of these challenges is the existence of very high-density populations
of commercial poultry. Such circumstances provide an ideal medium for
multiplication and spread of all kinds of micro-organisms including pathogens,
such as Salmonella species that can
strike all ages specially chicks and still considered one of the most important
world wild food poisoning diseases.
Birds
are susceptible to many bacterial diseases common to humans and domestic
animals (Broman, et al., 2002) also
to other potentially infectious microorganisms, including protozoa and viruses,
such as the influenza A virus. While these studies may give some indication of
the frequency with which birds die from different infections, they provide
little or no information on the bacterial source, or the prevalence of the
pathogens in apparently healthy individuals. The role of birds as vectors of
disease could be underestimated, as many individuals may asymptomatically
harbour sub-lethal levels of potentially pathogenic bacterial species (Fenlon,
1983; Fricker, 1984).
Especially
undercooked or raw eggs and frozen poultry meat represent a high risk for
humans. Salmonella enteric serovartyphimurium and enteritidis are known as the
persistent serotypes among single age flocks, with a correlation between
qualitative environmental samples and semi quantitative fecal samples; and
there were significant temperature and seasonal effects upon contamination that
was increased significantly over time (Webster,2004).Removal of old litter
followed by cleaning and disinfection of facilities helps to reduce the number
of pathogens and break disease cycles or at the minimum, keep pathogen numbers
from reaching a level that can cause disease outbreaks.
1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
Aims and objectives of this study include:
Ø Isolation of bacteria from
poultry products and environment.
Ø To characterize and
evaluate the different organisms isolated.
Ø To determine the
antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the isolates.
1.2 SCOPE OF STUDY
This research work is limited to the use of different
microbiological media for isolation of bacteria from poultry products and
environment and antimicrobial testing of the different isolates.
1.3 STATEMENTS OF PROBLEMS
Poultry provide important sources of animal protein
but diseases of poultry are of Major concern because of their negative effects
on human health.Bacterial infection of poultry are major causes of low
productivity in poultry farming.
Bacterial infections of poultry are also major causes
of disease outbreaks and epidemics worldwide.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Ø To enlighten poultry
farmers on the health risk of zoonotic diseases associated with poultry farming.
Ø To educate poultry farmers
on the importance of sanitation for prevention of infection of poultry and
poultry products.
Ø Proper cleaning of poultry
equipment to minimize microbial load.
Buyers has the right to create
dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when
you experience issue with the file received.
Dispute can only be created when
you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of
contents and content of the file you received.
ProjectShelve.com shall either
provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or
send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and
Conditions are applied.
Buyers are expected to confirm
that the material you are paying for is available on our website
ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone
through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE
BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.
In case of payment for a
material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of
ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that
is available on our website within 48 hours.
You cannot change topic after
receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.
Login To Comment