ISOLATION AND ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY PROFILE OF SALMONELLA TYPHI ISOLATED FROM STOOLS OF FEMALE STUDENTS OF MICHAEL OKPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE UMUDIKE.

                                                                                                           ABSTRACT

 Hundred (100) stool samples were collected from the female students of the Michael Okpara University of agriculture, umudike hostels, to isolate and determine the antibiotic sensitivity profile of Salmonella typhi. The stool samples were subjected to laboratory analysis to isolate the organism and the antibiotic sensitivity profile of the isolates was determined using disc diffusion method. Out of the 100 samples collected, only 38% produced significant growth, while the remaining 62% did not produce significant growth. Antibiotic sensitivity test was carried out on the 38 isolates and 30 (78%) were sensitive to Nitrofurantoin followed by Ofloxacin with 32 (84%). These drugs showed greatest antibiotic activity against the isolated Salmonella typhi. This work shows that healthy individuals can serve as a source of transmission of typhoid fever as its causative agent was isolated from healthy students, and therefore calls for proper hygiene practices among students.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                                                                                       i                                            

Certification                                                                                                                            ii

Dedication                                                                                                                                        iii 

Acknowledgement                                                                                                                             iv                           

Table of contents                                                                                                                             v

List of tables                                                                                                                                   vi         

Abstract                                                                                                                                          vii

CHAPTER ONE  

1.0   INTRODUCTION                                                                                                              I

1.1Aims and objective                                                                                                                      4

CHAPTER TWO

2.0  LITERATURE REVIEW                                                                                                    5

2.1 Historical background                                                                                                                5

2.2 Microbiological characteristics                                                                                                 6

2.2.1 Colonial characteristics                                                                                                           7

2.3 EPIDEMIOLOGY                                                                                                                       8

2.4 PATHOGENESIS OF salmonella typhi                                                                                     8

2.5 THE DISEASE                                                                                                                           9

2.6 SYMPTOMS                                                                                                                              9

2.6.1 Magnitude of the problem                                                                                                      11 

2.6.2 Case definition                                                                                                                         13

2.7 TRANSMISSION                                                                                                                       14

2.8 PREVENTION                                                                                                                        15 

2.9 DIAGNOSIS OF TYPHOID FEVER                                                                                        16

2.9.1 SPECIMENS                                                                                                                          17

2.9.2 Blood                                                                                                                                    17

2.9.3 Serum                                                                                                                            19

2.9.4 Stool sample                                                                                                                  19

2.10 ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST FOR TYPHOID FEVER                    19

2.10.1 STORAGE OF TYPHOID ORGANISM                                                                            21

2.11. TREATMENT                                                                                                                       21

2.11.1 General Management                                                                                                            21

2.11.2AntimicrobialTherapy                                                                                                            22

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHOD                                                                                                 27

3.1 COLLECTION OF SAMPLES (STOOL)                                                                                 27

3.1.2 PREPARATION OF CULTURE MEDIA                                                                             27

3.2 INNOCULATION OF PLATES                                                                                               27

3.3 MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION                                                                       27

3.4 GRAM STAINING                                                                                                                   28

3.5 CATALASE TEST                                                                                                                    28

3.6ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY TESTING                                                                                  28

3.7 READING OF ZONES OF INHIBITION                                                                                29

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS                                                                                                                                 30

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 DISCUSSION                                                                                                                          36                                                                                                

5.1

CONCLUSION                                                                                                                        38

REFERENCES

                                               LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1: displays the occurrence of salmonella typhi in stool samples of female

students in Michael okpara university of agriculture                                     31

TABLE 2: antibiotic sensitivity of the isolated salmonella typhi                                                    32

                                                   LIST OF FIGURES

  Figure 1: Shows the sensitivity and resistance to the various antibiotics used on the                              isolated Salmonella typhi.                                                                                          34                              

                                                      CHAPTER ONE

1.0       INTRODUCTION

Salmonellosis is a disease condition caused by a group of bacteria of the genus salmonella that can affect human being throughout the world. Salmonella infection remains as a serious problem to public health significance in worldwide (Tubaraire et al. 1994) and causes substantial economic loss resulting from mortality, morbidity and poor growth with hazard of transmitting food poisoning with gastroenteritis to human and represent a serious problem for the food industry (Khan et al.,2007). Human spread salmonella mainly through stool. Food borne illness among the people and transmission can occur when food and water are contaminated with stool or through direct faecal-oral route. Human stool acts as an important reservoir of Salmonella serovars that are the grouping of microorganisms based on their cell surface antigen. Species isolated from human stool are Salmonella typhi, S. paratyphi A, S. typhimurium, S. wrothington and S. enteritidis (Kumar et al., 2009). Salmonella is a worldwide issue in public health sector. People most at risk for serious complications due to Salmonella food poisoning include older adults, pregnant women, infants, children, and people who have compromised immune systems. Salmonellosis is manifested clinically in all hosts by one of three major syndromes, per acute systemic infection, an acute enteritis or a chronic enteritis (Merchant and Packer,). Symptoms are usually including headache, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, gastroenteritis, abdominal cramps and bloody diarrhoea with mucus and sometimes reactive arthritis (Reiters syndrome) (Dworkin et al.,2001). Following Salmonellosis dehydration with renal insufficiency and death may occur. The importance of Salmonellosis in public health sector is a growing concern day by day throughout the world and over the last several decades there have been significant shift in predominant Salmonella serovars associated with human infections (Steven et al.,2011). Salmonellosis in the past has caused tremendous loss to society in many countries around the world. Two to four million of cases have been reported annually and yet a significant number of cases have been unreported worldwide.

Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella typhi (Salmonella enterica serovar typhi), is a global infection (Nagshetty et al., 2010). It occurs worldwide, primarily in developing nations whose sanitary conditions are poor. Typhoid fever is endemic in Asia, Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean, and Oceania, but 80% of cases come from Bangladesh, china, India, Indonesia, Laos, Nepal, Pakistan, or Vietnam (Chau et al., 2007). The disease remains a critical public health problem in developing countries. In 2000, it was estimated that over 21.6 million (incidence of 3.6 per 1000 population) of typhoid occurrence worldwide, resulting in 216000 deaths and that more than 90% of this morbidity and mortality occurred in Asia. In the urban slum in Dhaka, the incidence of salmonella typhi (S. typhi) was found to be 390/100,000 population (Brooks et al., 2005).

Typhoid fever is a severe and life threatening systemic illness transmitted via the fecal-oral route and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.it causes over 16 million new cases and over 600,000 deaths each year (Aye et al., 2004). It affects only humans (who are the reservoir) and is spread through consumption of contaminated food and drink handled by people who shed the organism from stool or, less commonly, urine or water contaminated with sewage. This disease is characterized by the sudden onset of a sustained and systemic fever, severe headache, nausea, and loss of appetite. Other symptoms include constipation or diarrhea, enlargement of the spleen, possible development of meningitis, and/or general malaise. Untreated typhoid fever cases result in mortality rates ranging from 12-30% while treated cases allow for 99% survival. Diagnoses is by either culturing the bacteria or detecting the bacterium’s DNA in the blood, stool, or bone marrow (Wain et al., 2015) (Crump et al., 2010). A typhoid vaccine can prevent about 30% to 70% of cases during the first two years (Anwar et al., 2014). The vaccine may have some effect for up to seven years (Wain et al., 2015). It is recommended for those at high risk or people travelling to areas where the disease is common. Other efforts to prevent the disease include providing clean drinking water, better sanitation and better hand washing. Until it has been confirmed that an individual’s infection is cleared, the individual should not prepare food for others. Treatment of disease is with antibiotics such as azithromycin, fluoroquinolones or third generation cephalosporin (Wain et al., 2015).

Where does it come from?

·       Humans are the sole reserviour or this organism and it is thought that carriers may harbour the bacteria in their gall bladder.

·       Food may become contaminated from infected food handlers or through the use of contaminated water during processing.

·       Shellfish grown in polluted waters may also accumulate the bacteria in their tissues

·       Water can be contaminated by human faecal pollution and the bacteria can survive for up to 9 days in sea water, weeks in sewage and survival in ground water is better than in pond, stream or lake water.

·       Faecal-oral, person to person transmission from infected individuals can take place.

1.1       AIM:

The aim of this study is to isolate and determine the antibiotic sensitivity profile of salmonella typhi isolated from stool of female students of Michael okpara university of agriculture, umudike.

1.2       OBJECTIVES:

(1)       To isolate Salmonella typhi from stool samples of female students of Michael okpara university of agriculture, umudike.

(2)       To determine the antibiotic sensitivity profile of the isolated Salmonella typhi.

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