ABSTRACT
Hundred (100) stool samples were collected from the female students of the Michael Okpara University of agriculture, umudike hostels, to isolate and determine the antibiotic sensitivity profile of Salmonella typhi. The stool samples were subjected to laboratory analysis to isolate the organism and the antibiotic sensitivity profile of the isolates was determined using disc diffusion method. Out of the 100 samples collected, only 38% produced significant growth, while the remaining 62% did not produce significant growth. Antibiotic sensitivity test was carried out on the 38 isolates and 30 (78%) were sensitive to Nitrofurantoin followed by Ofloxacin with 32 (84%). These drugs showed greatest antibiotic activity against the isolated Salmonella typhi. This work shows that healthy individuals can serve as a source of transmission of typhoid fever as its causative agent was isolated from healthy students, and therefore calls for proper hygiene practices among students.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
i
Certification
ii
Dedication
iii
Acknowledgement
iv
Table of
contents
v
List of
tables
vi
Abstract
vii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
I
1.1Aims and objective
4
CHAPTER
TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
5
2.1 Historical background
5
2.2
Microbiological characteristics
6
2.2.1 Colonial
characteristics
7
2.3 EPIDEMIOLOGY
8
2.4 PATHOGENESIS OF salmonella typhi
8
2.5 THE DISEASE
9
2.6 SYMPTOMS 9
2.6.1 Magnitude
of the problem
11
2.6.2 Case definition
13
2.7 TRANSMISSION
14
2.8 PREVENTION 15
2.9 DIAGNOSIS OF TYPHOID FEVER
16
2.9.1 SPECIMENS 17
2.9.2 Blood
17
2.9.3 Serum
19
2.9.4 Stool sample
19
2.10 ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST FOR TYPHOID
FEVER 19
2.10.1 STORAGE OF TYPHOID ORGANISM
21
2.11. TREATMENT
21
2.11.1 General Management 21
2.11.2AntimicrobialTherapy
22
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHOD
27
3.1 COLLECTION OF SAMPLES (STOOL)
27
3.1.2 PREPARATION OF CULTURE MEDIA
27
3.2 INNOCULATION OF PLATES 27
3.3 MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION
27
3.4 GRAM STAINING
28
3.5 CATALASE TEST
28
3.6ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY TESTING
28
3.7 READING OF ZONES OF INHIBITION
29
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0 RESULTS
30
CHAPTER
FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION
36
5.1
CONCLUSION
38
REFERENCES
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1: displays the occurrence
of salmonella typhi in stool samples
of female
students in Michael okpara university of
agriculture 31
TABLE
2: antibiotic sensitivity of the isolated salmonella
typhi
32
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Shows the sensitivity and resistance to the
various antibiotics used on the isolated
Salmonella typhi. 34
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Salmonellosis
is a disease condition caused by a group of bacteria of the genus salmonella that can affect human being
throughout the world. Salmonella infection remains as a serious problem to
public health significance in worldwide (Tubaraire et al. 1994) and causes substantial economic loss resulting from
mortality, morbidity and poor growth with hazard of transmitting food poisoning
with gastroenteritis to human and represent a serious problem for the food
industry (Khan et al.,2007). Human
spread salmonella mainly through stool. Food borne illness among the people and
transmission can occur when food and water are contaminated with
stool
or through direct faecal-oral route. Human stool acts as an important reservoir of
Salmonella serovars that
are the grouping
of microorganisms based on
their
cell surface antigen. Species
isolated from
human
stool
are Salmonella
typhi, S. paratyphi A,
S. typhimurium,
S. wrothington
and S. enteritidis
(Kumar
et al., 2009). Salmonella is a worldwide issue in
public
health sector. People most at risk for serious complications due to Salmonella food
poisoning include older adults, pregnant
women, infants,
children,
and people who
have
compromised immune
systems.
Salmonellosis
is manifested clinically in all
hosts by one of three major
syndromes, per
acute
systemic infection,
an acute enteritis or a chronic
enteritis (Merchant and
Packer,). Symptoms are usually including
headache, nausea, vomiting,
fatigue, gastroenteritis, abdominal
cramps and
bloody diarrhoea with
mucus and
sometimes reactive arthritis (Reiters syndrome) (Dworkin et al.,2001). Following Salmonellosis
dehydration
with renal insufficiency and
death may occur. The importance of
Salmonellosis in
public
health sector is a growing concern day by
day
throughout the
world
and over the
last several decades there have been
significant shift
in predominant Salmonella serovars associated
with human infections (Steven et al.,2011). Salmonellosis in
the
past
has caused tremendous loss
to society
in many countries around the
world.
Two to four million
of cases have been
reported annually
and yet
a significant number
of cases have been
unreported
worldwide.
Typhoid
fever, caused by Salmonella typhi (Salmonella enterica serovar typhi), is a global infection (Nagshetty
et al., 2010). It occurs worldwide,
primarily in developing nations whose sanitary conditions are poor. Typhoid
fever is endemic in Asia, Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean, and Oceania,
but 80% of cases come from Bangladesh, china, India, Indonesia, Laos, Nepal,
Pakistan, or Vietnam (Chau et al.,
2007). The disease remains a critical public health problem in developing
countries. In 2000, it was estimated that over 21.6 million (incidence of 3.6
per 1000 population) of typhoid occurrence worldwide, resulting in 216000
deaths and that more than 90% of this morbidity and mortality occurred in Asia.
In the urban slum in Dhaka, the incidence of salmonella typhi (S. typhi)
was found to be 390/100,000 population (Brooks et al., 2005).
Typhoid fever
is a severe and life threatening systemic illness transmitted via the
fecal-oral route and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.it
causes over 16 million new cases and over 600,000 deaths each year (Aye et al., 2004). It affects only humans
(who are the reservoir) and is spread through consumption of contaminated food
and drink handled by people who shed the organism from stool or, less commonly,
urine or water contaminated with sewage. This disease is characterized by the
sudden onset of a sustained and systemic fever, severe headache, nausea, and
loss of appetite. Other symptoms include constipation or diarrhea, enlargement
of the spleen, possible development of meningitis, and/or general malaise.
Untreated typhoid fever cases result in mortality rates ranging from 12-30%
while treated cases allow for 99% survival. Diagnoses is by either culturing
the bacteria or detecting the bacterium’s DNA in the blood, stool, or bone
marrow (Wain et al., 2015) (Crump et al., 2010). A typhoid vaccine can
prevent about 30% to 70% of cases during the first two years (Anwar et al., 2014). The vaccine may have some
effect for up to seven years (Wain et al.,
2015). It is recommended for those at high risk or people travelling to areas
where the disease is common. Other efforts to prevent the disease include
providing clean drinking water, better sanitation and better hand washing.
Until it has been confirmed that an individual’s infection is cleared, the
individual should not prepare food for others. Treatment of disease is with
antibiotics such as azithromycin, fluoroquinolones or third generation
cephalosporin (Wain et al., 2015).
Where does it come from?
· Humans
are the sole reserviour or this organism and it is thought that carriers may
harbour the bacteria in their gall bladder.
· Food
may become contaminated from infected food handlers or through the use of
contaminated water during processing.
· Shellfish
grown in polluted waters may also accumulate the bacteria in their tissues
· Water
can be contaminated by human faecal pollution and the bacteria can survive for
up to 9 days in sea water, weeks in sewage and survival in ground water is
better than in pond, stream or lake water.
· Faecal-oral,
person to person transmission from infected individuals can take place.
1.1 AIM:
The aim of
this study is to isolate and determine the antibiotic sensitivity profile of
salmonella typhi isolated from stool of female students of Michael okpara
university of agriculture, umudike.
1.2 OBJECTIVES:
(1) To isolate Salmonella typhi from stool samples of female students of Michael
okpara university of agriculture, umudike.
(2) To
determine the antibiotic sensitivity profile of the isolated Salmonella typhi.
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