SENSITIVITY OF MICROORGANISMS ISOLATED FROM JEWELRIES AND WRISTWATCHES WORN BY STUDENTS OF MICHEAL OKPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE UMUDIKE, TO SOME DETERGENT

ABSTRACT

Sensitivity of microorganisms isolated from Jewelries and wristwatches worn by students of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike to some detergents Omo, Aeriel and Klin was done.A total of 40 jewelries worn by students of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike were examined for the presence of bacteria and fungi. They were examined microscopically, culturally, morphologically and biochemically using standard microbiological methods. The microorganisms isolated were Staphylococus aureus, Proteus sp,  Pseudomonas sp, Streptococcus sp, Escherichia coli and Bacillus sp, for bacterial isolates and Aspergillus sp, Trichophyton sp., Pencillium sp., Microsporum sp. and Yeast for fungal isolates. Staphylococcus aureus  had the highest  percentage occurrence in wristwatches, bracelets and jewelries. This was attributed to it being a normal flora of the human skin, while Proteus sp. had the least percentage occurrence. The percentage occurrence of the fungal isolates were generally low, with Yeast having the highest percentage occurrence and Penicillium sp. having the least percentage occurrence. The effect of test detergents (Omo, Ariel and Klin) on these microorganisms was investigated using agar well diffusion method. Staphylococcus aureus showed the highest sensitivity to Omo while Bacillus sp. showed the least sensitivity to Omo. Escherichia coli showed the highest sensitivity to Aeriel while Streptococcus sp. gave the least sensitivity. Proteus sp. showed the highest sensitivity to Klin while Staphylococcus aureus gave the least sensitivity. All the test organisms were resistant to Aeriel and Klin at 25mg/ml. The detergents showed varying Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations ranging from 25mg/ml to 50mg/ml and 100mg/ml. Yeast showed the highest sensitivity to Omo while Penicillium sp. gave the least sensitivity. Microsporum sp. gave the highest sensitivity to Aeriel while Penicillium sp. gave the least sensitivity. Yeast showed the highest sensitivity to Klin while Penicillium sp. gave the least sensitivity. Inhibitory activity demonstrated by these detergents indicates that they can be employed as sanitizing agents for jewelries.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page i

Certification ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgement iv

Table of contents v

List of tables viii

List of figures ix

Abstract x

Chapter One

  1.0     Introduction                                      1

1.1    Aims and objectives 3

Chapter Two

2. 0     Literature review 4

2.1    History of jewelry                                     4

2. 2   Early jewelry function & design             4

2.3   Jewelry and hand contamination 5

2.4    Detergents 6

2.4.1 Chemical classification of detergents 7

2.4. 2 Major applications of detergents 8

2.4.3  Chemistry of detergents             9

2.4.4  Components of detergents                  9

2.4.5 Other ingredients             10

2.5    Biological membranes 11

2.6    How do detergents solubilize membrane proteins? 12

Chapter Three

3 .0 Materials and methods 13

3.1 Study area 13

3.2       Sample collection 13

3.3 Media preparation             13

3.4 Detergents used             14

3.5 Microbiological analysis 14

3.5.1 Inoculation of samples 14

3.6 Characterization and identification of microbial isolates 14

3.6.1     Colony features 14

3.6. 2 Characterization of fungi. 14

3.7       Gram staining 15

3.8       Biochemical tests 15

3.8.1 Catalase test 15

3.8.2 Coagulase test 16

3.8.3 Oxidase test 16

3.8.4 Citrate test 16

3.8.5   Urease test 17

3.8.6    Motility test                                    17

3.8.7    Indole test 17

3.8.8   Methyl Red test             18

3.8.9   Voges Proskauer 18

 3.8.10   Sugar test             18

3.9       Preparation of antimicrobial agents (detergents)            19

3.10 Determination of antimicrobial activity of detergents 19

3.11  Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration 20

Chapter Four

4.0       Results 21

Chapter Five

5.0      Discussion conclusion and recommendation 31

5.1      Discussion 31

5.2      Conclusion 34

5.3      Recommendation 34

Reference 35

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE                                    TITLE                                                                           PAGE

 1                     Biochemical characteristics of bacterial isolates 21  

2                     Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of bacterial isolates 22                                             

3                     Antimicrobial activity of Omo on bacterial isolates 23

4                     Antimicrobial activity of Aeriel on bacterial isolates 24

5                     Antimicrobial activity of Klin on bacterial isolates 25

6                     Antimicrobial activity of Omo on fungal isolates 26

 7                    Antimicrobial activity of Aeriel on fungal isolates 27

 8                    Antimicrobial activity of Klin on fungal isolates 28

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE                                     TITLE                                                                              PAGE

1               Occurrence of bacterial isolates in jewelries and wristwatches  29

2               Occurrence of fungal isolates in jewelries and wristwatches   30          

CHAPTER ONE

     1.0       INTRODUCTION

 A form of body adornment, manifesting itself in rings, necklaces   and bracelets is known as Jewelry. It may be made from any material, usually gemstones, precious metals, beads or shells (Isitua et al., 2012) Factors affecting the choice of materials include cultural differences, fashion trend and the availability of the materials. Jewelry may be appreciated because of its material properties, its patterns or for meaningful symbols (Greenbaum and Tom, 2004). The first pieces of jewelries were made from natural materials such as bone, animal teeth, shell, wood and carved stone (Kunz and George, 1917). Some jewelry throughout the ages may have specifically been as an indication of a social group. More exotic jewelry is often for wealthier  people, with its rarity increasing its value. Due to its personal nature and its indication of social class, some cultures established traditions of burying the dead with their jewelry (Ifesan et al., 2004).

Jewelry is sometimes regarded as a way of showing wealth and might also possess some minimal functionality, such as holding a garment together or keeping hair in place. It has been made to adorn nearly every body parts, from hair pins to toe rings and many more types of jewelry (Yildirim et al., 2008). While traditional jewelry is usually made with gemstones and precious metals such as silver or gold, there is also a growing demand for art jewelry where design and creativity is prized above material value. In addition, there is the less costly costume jewelry, made from lower value materials and often mass produced. Other variations include wire sculpture (wrap) jewelry, using anything from base metal work with rock tumbled stone to precious metals and precious gemstones (Greenbaum and Tom, 2004) .

Alloys of nearly every metal known have been encountered in jewelry. Bronze for example, was common in Roman times. Modern fine jewelry usually includes gold, white gold, platinum, titanium, or silver. Most American and European gold jewelry is made of an alloy of gold, the purity of which is stated in Karats, indicated by a number followed by the letter K. The silver used in jewelry is usually sterling silver, or 92.5 % fine silver. In costume jewelry, stainless steel findings are sometimes used (Ifesan et al., 2004; Kayode-Isola et al., 2010).

Little evidence exists to support theories on the risk of infection from rings and watches      worn by Dental staff. The bacterial flora of skin under rings and watches is not predictable because changes  encouraged by occlusion could be offset by the  release of toxic metal ions, such as silver and  copper, from gold alloys.  Microbes are present in and around the finger rings. In spite of hand washing  procedures, microbes will persist . Rings and watches are assumed to have an impact on the bacterial load on the hands and to increase the rate of carriage of potentially pathogenic bacteria, such as Coagulase positive  Staphylococci, Gram‐negative bacteria and Coliform that could pose  a threat to the immunocompromised patient. Immunocompromised host has an alteration in  phagocytic, cellular, or humoral immunity that  increases the risk of an infectious complication or an  opportunistic process such as a lymphoproliferative  disorder or cancer.  Nevertheless, in some circumstances, a higher degree of safety is required,  and antiseptic preparations are needed for the  reliable killing of transient organisms.

Surfactants are compounds that lower the surface tension of a liquid, the interfacial tension between two liquids, or that between a liquid and a solid (Smulders et al., 2002). Surfactants may act as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents and dispersants. A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants having cleaning properties in dilute solutions. In common usage, “detergent” refers to alkylbenzene sulfonates, a family of compounds that are similar to soap but are less affected by hard water. In most house hold contexts, detergents refers specifically to laundry or dish detergents, as opposed to hand soap or other types of cleaning agents and are commonly available as powders or concentrated solutions (Jensen, 1997). Linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) is the largest volume synthetic surfactant because of its relatively low cost, good performance, the fact that it can be dried to a stable powder and the biodegradable environmental friendliness as it has straight chains (Rapaport and Eckhoff, 1999).

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

i.   To isolate and identify microorganisms from jewelries and wrist watches.

ii. To test the sensitivity of microorganisms isolated from these jewelries and wrist watches to these detergents (omo, aeriel, klin).

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