ABSTRACT
The introduction of the work is the characterization of bacteria associated with wristwatches worn by healthcare workers. Bacterial contamination is a situation which occurs when bacteria ends up in a location where they are not suppose to be. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 50 samples, in which 18 were male, 32 were female. They were also samples based on the type of wristwatches in which 30 were chain watch, 19 were lather watch and 1 was rubber watch. The wristwatches were sampled using pour plate method and direct streak plate method. The media used were macConkey agar, nutrient agar and blood agar. Isolation and identification of bacteria was done by standard microbiological techniques. The (5) different bacteria isolated were S. aureus (14%), E. coli (2%), Strept. Spp. (38%), K. pneumoniae (4%), P. aeruginosa (6%). S.aureus and Strept spp.,were mostly isolated from female chain wristwatches, K. pneumoniae from male leather wristwatches, E. colifrom male lather wristwatch, P. aeruginosafrom female chain watch. Wearing a wristwatch results in an increase of bacterial contamination on the wrist. Although it is higher among female nurses, it still serves as a potential source of infection among healthcare workers thus, it is recommended to disinfect wristwatches before starting any clinical procedures and proper hand washing after clinical procedures.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Cover Page
Title page i
Certification ii
Declaration iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Table of Content vi
List of Table vii
Abstract viii
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction 1
1.2 Aim and Objective of the
Study 3
1.3 Objective 3
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Literature
Review 4
2.1 General
Incidence of Pathogenic Organism in Wristwatch Sample. 4
2.2
Bacterial Contamination Associated with Wristwatches. 4
2.2.1 Staphylococcus aureus: 4
2.2.2 Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus 5
2.2.3 Streptococcus
Species 6
2.2.4 Pseudomonas
aeruginosa 7
2.2.5 Micrococci 7
2.2.6 Klebsiella pneumoniae. 8
2.2.7 Mycobacterium
abscessus 9
CHAPTER
THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.0 Materials and Methods 10
3.1 Study Area 10
3.2 Collection of Samples 10
3.3 Preparation of Culture Media 10
3.4 Sterilization 11
3.5 Bacteria Inoculation and lsolation 11
3.6 Characterization and Identification of
Organism 11
3.7 Gram Stain. 11
3.8 Biochemical Test 12
3.8.1 Coagulase
Test 12
3.8.2 Catalase
test 12
3.8.3 Motility
test 12
3.8.4 Citrate
test 13
3.8.5 Indole
test 13
3.8.6 Urease
test 13
3.8.7 Oxidase
test 14
3.8.8 Triple
sugar iron test. 14
CHAPTER
FOUR: RESULT
4.0 Result 15
CHAPTER
FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.0 Discussion. 23
5.1 Conclusion 25
5.2 Recommendation 25
REFERENCES 27
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Title Page
1:
Number of Samples
Collected According to Gender and Profession 16
2.
Number of Positive
Samples after Isolation of Different Types of 17
Wristwatches.
(%)
3. Distribution of Isolate in
Various Types of Wristwatches(%) 18
4.
Degree of
Contamination of Wristwatches Examined. 19
5. Identification and
Characterization of the Bacterial Isolates. 21
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Health
care acquired infection (HCAI); are referred to as NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION, as an
infection occurring in patient during the process of care in a hospital or
other healthcare facility which was not present or incubating at the time of
admission. Hospital acquired infection remains an important problem, the
healthcare workers hands are frequently contaminated with potential pathogens,
which increases with the risk of antimicrobial resistant organism transmission
lie infection caused by multidrug resistant bacteria (MDR) are worrisome
healthcare problems and a daily challenge for the clinician dealing with
critically ill patients (Tenorio et al., 2001). They can act as vector
for the spread of infection either directly or via transfer of microorganism
contaminating the healthcare workers hands. Multidrug resistant bacteria have
been reported as contaminating microorganism on surfaces of medical instrument,
high contact communal surfaces and also inanimate objects, e.g. wristwatches,
that are worn by healthcare workers which has been shown to increase the hand
carriage of potential pathogen (Trick et al., (2005). It has been
reported that both gram positive and gram-negative bacteria are able to survive
up to months
on dry inanimate surfaces with longer persistence under humid and lower
temperature conditions (Reagan et al., (1991). Factors that may affect
the transfer of microorganism from one surface to another and cross
contamination rates are types of organisms, sources and destination surfaces,
humidity level and sizes of inoculums (Pittet and Dharan, 1999).
Bacterial
contamination is a situation which occurs when bacteria ends up in a location
where they are not supposed to be. However, wristwatches have been shown to
harbour bacterial pathogens which effect on the carriage of such bacteria on
the hands has not been demonstrated. Accessories like wristwatches and rings
can interfere with proper hand washing; they can cause tears to gloves, dirty
yellowish colour to gloves especially chain watches and also interfere with
active patients’ intervention. It can also be a problem in medical clinics,
operation rooms and in others healthcare settings (Ducciet al., (1995)
like; the healthcare workers who took off their rings and wristwatches just
before a surgical procedure had higher bacterial counts on their hands than
those who did not wear any accessories. Bacteria can be transferred from the
patient or healthcare providers and they may end up on surgical instruments,
medical equipments, door knobs and inanimate objects like wristwatches.
Prevention of bacterial contamination can be challenging, keeping space clean
and observing proper handling procedures in a big part of prevention. Simple
steps like washing hands, dipping and wearing gloves to handle specimens,
removal of materials like rings, wristwatches before attending to patients or
surgical room followed by hand washing after touching those materials can cut
down a great deal on the risk of passing bacteria from one place to another
(Williams et al., (1999). It is also important to conduct regular
testing to checks for bacterial contamination so that it can be identified
before it makes someone sick or cause problem with experiment and test.
Hospital-acquired
infections remain an important problem, which cause significant morbidity and
economic costs (Pittet and Dharan, 1999). The health care workers’ (HCWs’)
hands are frequently contaminated with potential pathogen which increases the
risk of antimicrobial-resistant organism transmission. Items such as
stethoscopes, tourniquets and white coats can become contaminated with microbes
including Staphylococcus aureus and
they can act as a vector for the spread of infections, either directly or via
the health care workers (HCWs’) hands. Wearing wristwatches and rings has been
shown to increase the hand carriage of potential pathogens (Williams et al, 1999).However, though
wristwatches have been shown to harbour bacterial pathogens, their effect on
the carriage of such bacteria on the hands has not been demonstrated. Recently,
hospitals in the UK have been asked to implement a policy of ‘bare below the
elbows’, which includes the banning of wristwatches (Pittet and Dharan, 1999).
The WHO guideline (published in 2009) saysthat, “investigate the impact of
wearing a watch on the efficacy of hand hygiene” is an open question, that
requires more research and field tests. (WHO, 2009). Hautemaniere et al.
2010reportedthat wearing watches and bracelets were both risk factorsfor poor
hand hygiene (odd ratio, OR2.03 and 1.95, respectively). This study was based
on direct observation of 3067 HCW in France, using the fluorescent trial (Alp et al, 2006): Ramón-Cantón et al.
2011used similar study design, and observed 293 HCWin a Spanish hospital. They
found “missed” areas on the wrist in 90% of those, who wore watch and 56% of
those, who did not. The situation was quite the same for bracelets; there were
missed area son the wrist in 93% of those, who wore bracelet, while 61% of
those who did not. They reported that 36% of HCW wore watches and 13% wore one
or more bracelets (Field, 1996) Both studies agreed that wearing watches has a
negative impact on hand hygiene.
1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
AIM: the
aim of the study is to characterize
bacteria associated with wristwatches worn by healthcare workers.
1.3 OBJECTIVE:
Ø To isolate bacteria from wristwatches worn by
healthcare workers.
Ø To identify and characterize bacteria from
wristwatches of healthcare workers.
Ø To
determine the prevalence of each isolate.
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