ABSTRACT
The study was carried out to isolate and identify the bacterial organisms associated with bacterial contamination of rings. A total of one hundred (100) rings worn by various categories of respondents were swabbed and analysed for bacterial contamination. Samples collected were cultured upon arrival in the microbiology laboratory of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike and incubated at 370C for 24hours. In the course of the study, the following bacteria were isolated E. coli (16.46%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (8.86%), Proteus species (2.53%), coagulase negative Staphylococcus (6.33%), S. aureus (26.56%), Pseudomonas aeruginasa(10.13%), Streptococcus species (7.59%) and Bacillus species (21.52%). Analysis of the degree of bacterial contamination amongst the different categories of respondents showed that rings obtained from traders were more contaminated and haboured the highest diversity of bacterial isolates. Antibiotic sensitivity was carried out and most of the isolates were seen to possess multi-drug resistant capabilities against some of the antibiotics tested. Thus, indicates that contaminated rings could be a possible reservoir of several pathogens implicated in community and hospital acquired infections. Thorough hand washing with soap and water, periodic cleaning of rings as well as other hygienic practice should be encouraged.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables viii
Abstract ix
CHAPTER ONE 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Back Ground Studies 2
1.3 Aim 2
1.4 Objective 2
1.5 Limitations 3
CHAPTER TWO
Introduction 4
2.1 Bacteria Contaminates Associated with Jewelries (Rings) 8
2.1.1 Escherichia coli 9
2.1.2 Klebsiella spp 10
2.1.3 Staphylococcus spp 11
2.1.4 Other Staphylococcus spp 11
2.1.5 Bacillus spp 12
2.1.6 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 12
2.1.7 Proteus spp. 13
2.2 Hand hygiene as an effective tool in reducing the risk of associated with contaminated Rings. 13
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and Methods 16
3.l Study Area l6
3.2 Collection of samples 16
3.3 preparation of Culture Media 17
3.4 Bacteria lnoculation and lsolation 17
3.5 Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing 17
3.6 Characterization and Identification of Organisms 18
3.7 Gram Stain 18
3.8 Biochemical Tests 18
3.8.2 Coagulase Test 18
3.8.3 Citrate Test 18
3.8.4 Motility, lndole, Urease Test (MlU). 19
3.8.5 Triple Sugar lron Test. 20
3.8.6 Oxidase Test 20
3.9 Data Analysis 20
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results 21
CHPATER FIVE
5.0 Discussion 29
5.1 Conclusion 31
5.2 Recommendation 31
REFERENCES
LIST OF TABLES
1 Marital status of the respondents 22
2 Incidence of bacterial carriage in rings. 23
3 Morphological Identification of Isolates 24
4 Biochemical Characterization of the Isolates 25
5 Frequency of Occurrence of Bacteria Isolates 26
6 Degree of Bacterial Contamination of Rings Worn by Different Respondent Categories 27
7 Antibiotic Sensitivity of Bacterial Isolates 28
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
Microbes can be found everywhere, from the earth’s crust to the polar ice and oceans, to the bodies of plants and animals. Microorganisms are living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification, in terms of numbers and range of distribution, microbes are the dominant organism on earth. A large and diverse group of microscopic organisms exist as single cells or cell clusters; which includes viruses, that are microscopic but not cellular (Dodrill et al., 2011). To this fact the colonization of Jewelries especially rings by various diversity of microbes is not an exception.
Scientific research has shown that commonly used surfaces such as computers, headsets, telephone, desks and ATM machines are potential sources of infectious bacteria and viruses leading to the spread of colds, flu, sickness and diarrhea (Reynolds et al., 2005). They are constantly in contact with the environment where they go. Germs can survive in the microscopic grooves and cracks on surfaces and will go unnoticed. Oils in the skin, dust, grime, moisture and warmth from central heating systems provide an ideal environment for these germs to accumulate. Cold and flu viruses can survive on dry surfaces for more than 48 hours, while some bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, can survive for months, soft, wet surfaces (Particularly those with plenty of food) are perfect for bacteria. Cloth, sponges and carpets that have gotten wet are excellent living places for bacteria because it protects them from exposure to the environment, dry air or sunlight (Samy et al., 2002).
Bacteria that can cause severe gastroenteritis have been found on ATM machine keypads, and handles (Rusin, 2002) which demonstrate that germs that can be readily transferred from your hands to almost any frequently used surface. The role of fomites in the transmission of diseases remains a controversial subject. Some epidemiological studies have suggested that contained surfaces may play a role in the spread of respiratory viruses and laboratory viruses and laboratory of scientific debate and fundamental information concerning the microbial transfer rate from environmental surface to the hands and from the hands to the mouth remains scarce.
However, personal hygiene and good hand washing technique have been found to be an effective method of preventing the transmission of pathogens through fomites such as door handles (Rutala et al., 2001).
1.2 Back Ground Studies
Hand contact surfaces in toilets including door handles are heavily contaminated with microbes of fecal origin. Most times even where hand washing occurs after toilet use, tap handles and the door handles can re-contaminate the hands. These fomites are found to be tremendous transmission of pathogens from the gastrointestinal tract and can be harbored on jewelries worn on hands especially rings.
1.3 Aim
To evaluate the presence or absence of pathogenic bacteria from rings worn by members of the university community.
1.4 Objective
- To determine the various types and frequency of bacterial isolates on rings.
- To determine their antibiogram.
- To quantify the level of bacterial contamination of rings
1.5 Limitations
This study was hugely incapacitated by its inability to procure antisera for the identification of toxigenic strains of E. coli.
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