ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS FOUND IN THE EAR, NOSE AND THROAT OF MOUAU STUDENTS

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study is to determine microorganisms found in the Ear, Throat and Nose of Michael Okpara Unversity of Agriculture students. A total of 30 swab samples of throat swab, nasal (nose) swab, and aural (ear) swab were collected aseptically using sterile Evepon swab sticks and the sample collected were properly labeled accordingly,. The swabs were immediately transported in sterile cotton plugged test tube to the Microbiology laboratory for further analysis. Throat swab were inoculated on chocolate agar plates, whereas nasal (nose) and ear swab were inoculated on Chocolate agar, Nutrient agar and MacConkey agar plates. All the plates were incubated for 24 hours aerobically with the exception of chocolate agar plate that was incubated in a candle jar. The plates were examined for the growth of bacteria and the colonies were identified by conventional methods. Haemolysis was studied on chocolate agar plates. Discrete and pure colonies of bacterial isolates were stored instantly in the refrigerator until they were required for identification tests and incubated at 370C for 24hours. A total number of six (6) bacterial genera (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pyogenes,  Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus vulgaris) were isolated from Ear, Nose and Throat of students in Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, Abia State . Growth was observed in all the samples (100%) as all cultures were positive with 41 isolates. Pseudomonas aeruginosa had (29%), Staphylococcus aureus (24.4%), Klebsiella  pneumoniae (19%), Escherichia coli (12%) and Proteus vulgaris (5%) . The ear swabs was positive in 26 (29.21%) male and 24(26.96%) in female. Throat swabs was positive in 13 (14.60%) male and 12 (13.48%) in female, while in nose swabs 6 (6.74%) was positive in male and 8 (8.98%) in female . The most predominant organism in distribution was Klebsiella pneumoniae (24%), followed by Streptococcus pyogenes (20%), Staphylococcus aureus (17%), Proteus vulgaris (17%), while the least in occurrence were Escherichia coli (12%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12%). (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pyogenes, Klebsiella pneumonia and Proteus vulgaris are the leading Ear, Nose and Throat pathogens in Students of Micahel Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike. Most of the isolates showed high prevalent rates. However, the judicious use of antibiotics should be considered for the better treatment and to avoid the development of resistant organisms in Ear, Nose and Throat patients and thus recommended that Diagnosis of infection should not be made on clinical diagnosis only, it should be confirmed by laboratory diagnosis.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page                                                                                                                                i

Certification                                                                                                                            ii

Dedication                                                                                                                               iii

Acknowledgements                                                                                                                iv

Table of Contents                                                                                                                   v

Lists of Tables                                                                                                                        vii

Abstract                                                                                                                                   viii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION                                                                                                          1

1.1 Aim and Objectives                                                                                                          2

.1.2 Objectives                                                                                                                        2

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW                                                                                                 3

2.1 Type of ear infection                                                                                                        5

2.1.1. Otitis Media (OM)                                                                                                        5

2.1.2 Type of Otitis Media                                                                                                     6

2.2 The Nose                                                                                                                           7

2.2.1 Diseases of the Nose                                                                                                      7

2.3 The Throat                                                                                                                        9

2.4 Causative Agents of Ear, Nose and Throat Infection                                                       11

2.4.1 Bacteria                                                                                                                          11

2.4.1.1 Gram positive bacteria                                                                                                11

2.4.1.2 Gram negative bacteria                                                                                               12

2.5 Fungi                                                                                                                                 14

2.5.1 Aspergilli species                                                                                                           14

2. 5.2. Candida species                                                                                                           14

CHAPTER THREE

3.0  MATERIALS AND METHODS                                                                                    16

3.1 Samples Collection                                                                                                           16

3.2 Media Used                                                                                                                       16

3.3 Sterilization                                                                                                                      16

3.4 Preparation of Samples.                                                                                                    16

3.5 Identification and Characterization of Isolates                                                                 17

3.5.1 Gram Staining                                                                                                                17

3.5.2 Motility Test                                                                                                                  17

3.6 Biochemical Test                                                                                                              18

3.6.1 Catalase Test                                                                                                                  18

3.6.2 Coagulase Test                                                                                                               18

3.6.3 Citrate Test                                                                                                                    18

3.6.4 Oxidase Test                                                                                                                  19

3.6.5 Indole Test                                                                                                                     19

3.6.6 Urease Test                                                                                                                    19

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1  RESULTS                                                                                                                        21       

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0  DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION                                     26

5.1       Discussion                                                                                                                   27

5.2       Conclusion                                                                                                                  28

5.3       Recommendation                                                                                                        28                    References                                                                                                                                                                                                 

LIST OF TABLES

Table                                                              Title                                                                Page

1:         Biochemical Characteristics of the Isolates                                                                22

2:       Frequency of Occurrence of Isolates                                                                            23

3:       Sex Wise Distribution and Culture Results of Students                                               24

4:        Distribution of the Isolates Amongst The Samples                                                     25

CHAPTER ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION

The human ear, nose and throat (ENT) are closely related and inter connected parts of the body .The ear, nose, and throat are the frequent sites of infection, because they come indirect contact with the physical environment and are exposed to air borne microorganisms. Most microorganisms’ causes’ diseases of ear, nose and throat (ENT) affect the functioning of adults as well as children resulting in hearing impairment and hearing loss, learning disability and emotional stress often with significant impairment of the daily life of affected patients. With increase in global population, these infections remain the most important causes of diseases involving upper respiratory tract particularly in children.These infections are one of the leading causesof morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients (Witsell et al., 2001).

 The ear, nose and throat were found to be colonized by a wide range of microorganisms some of which are more or less harmless under normal condition (Chibuike et al., 2013). You will find a variety of bacteria in the throat: it is normal. This is true also of the ear and nose, but there is less diversity. Infections, diseases and health problems related to the ENT are therefore jointly studied and managed like the most other part of the human body. Most upper respiratory tract infections are caused by viruses and bacteria, which invade the mucosa. In most cases, the infection spreads from person-to-person, when touching the secretions by hand or directly by inhaling the respiratory droplets. Bacterial infections could be a prime cause of upper respiratory tract infection, but they may also be due to superinfection of a primarily viral infection. Risk factors for the development of upper respiratorytract infections are close contact like close contact of small children who attend the kindergarten or school, travellers with exposure to numerous individuals, smoking (second hand smoke too!), which may alter mucosal resistance, anatomic changes of respiratory tract, and nasal polyposis.

Bacterial species such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp, Proteus spp., Haemophilus and Coli forms were found to be responsible for most cases of ENT infections. Elsewhere (Bailey and Scott 1992; Ikeh et al., 1993) implicated Actinomycesisraeli, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, mycobacteriumtuberculosis and Corynebacteriumdipthericeas the causes of vary prevalence of ENT infections and disease. Also  Kumar et al. (2013) reported that pseudomonas, staphylococcus aureus, proteus andKlebsiellaare the common bacteria that cause ENT infection in Japura India. In addition according to a study done on ENT infection in Benin City, Nigeria by Osozuweet al. (2011) the following bacteria were found in 466 patients enrolled in the study; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella spp., Streptococcus pneumoniae, E. coli and Citrobacter frenndi. Based on their study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most prevalent etiologic agent of ENT infections in Benin City. Most diseases can cause zoonotic infections; zoonotic infections are defined, in general, as infections transmitted from animal to man (and, less frequently, vice versa), either directly (through direct contact or contact with animal products) or indirectly (through an intermediate vector, such as an arthropod) (Pappas,  2011).

1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study is to determine microorganisms found in the Ear, Throat and Nose of students.

1.2 OBJECTIVES

1. To isolate microorganisms from the Ear, Throat and Nose of students.

2. To identify microorganisms from the Ear, Throat and Nose of students.

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