ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to isolate and identify fungi associated with ground B. eurycoma (Achi) seeds obtained from three local markets within Umuahia central area of Abia State Nigeria. These local markets include Ndoro, Gate six and Ahiaeke. Laboratory analysis was conducted at Ceslab Global Services Laboratory, Umudike. Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS), version 22 and results transformed into charts by Microsoft word Excel. Results revealed that Aspergillus spp. (66.7%), Penicillum spp. (33.3%), Fusarium spp. (66.6%), yeast (100%) and Rhizopusspp (33.3%) were found in B. eurycoma sample from Ndoro market. Only Aspergillus spp. (100%) Penicillum spp. (66.7%), Yeasts (100% and Rhizopusspp. (33.3%) were isolated from ground B. eurycoma seeds from Gate six while. There was no Rhizopus spp. (0%) found in Achi Sample from Ahiaeke, but contained Aspergillus spp. (66.7%), Penicillum spp. (66.7%), Fusarium and Yeast at 33.3% and 100% respectively. Yeasts have the highest percentage gross occurrence (100%), followed by Aspergillus spp. (77.8%) while Rhizopus spp. (22.2%) had the lowest. It is now clear that ground B. eurycoma seeds sold in the studied local markets contained fungi capable of producing dangerous toxins, therefore ground B. eurycoma seeds from these and other similar local markets should be consumed with caution.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Table of Content vi
List of Tables vii
List of Figures viii
List of Plates ix
Abstract x
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Nutritional Composition of Seed flour of B. Eurycoma 2
1.2 Importance of Brachystegia eurycoma (Achi) 2
1.3 Aim and Objective 4
1.4 Specific Objectives 5
CHAPTER TWO 6
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1 Fungi and Food Contamination 7
2.2 Fungi, Storage Environment and
Conditions 8
2.3 Food Contamination
in Various Countries 9
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS
AND METHODS 10
3.1. Location of Study 10
3.2. Sources of Materials 10
3.2 Sampling and Preparation 11
3.2.1 Sampling 11
3.2.2 Medium Preparation 11
3.3.0 Isolation of Fungi From Ground Achi 12
3.3.1 Characterization of Fungi Isolates 13
3.3.2 Colony Features 13
3.3.3 Structural Features 13
3.4.0 Identification of Isolated Fungi 14
3.5.0 Determination of Prevalence 14
3.6.0 Statistical Analysis 14
CHAPTER FOUR 16
4.0 Results and Discussion 16
4.1.
Results 16
Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE 25
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 25
5.1 Conclusion 25
5.2.
Recommendations 25
REFERENCE 27
APPENDICES
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1:
Nutritional Composition of Seed Flour of B.
Eurycoma 2
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig.3.1. Adapted:
Google Map Showing Study Area 10
Fig. 4.1: Percentage occurrence of fungi in
B. Eurycoma sample from Ndoro Market. 16
Fig. 4.2:Percentage occurrence of fungi in B. Eurycoma sample from Gate six selling
point.18
Fig. 4.3.Percentage occurrence of fungi in B. eurycoma sample from Ahiaeke Market 19
Fig. 4.4. Summary Table for Percentage
occurrence of fungi in B. eurycoma
sample from three Market squares. 20
Fig.4.5. Gross percentage occurrence of
fungi in ground B. eurycoma collected
from the three local markets.
LIST OF PLATES
Plate
1: Ground B.eurycoma (Achi) sample
Plate
2: Pure culture of Aspergillus spp
isolated from B.
Eurycoma
Plate
3: Pure culture of Yeast isolated from B. Eurycoma
Plate 4: Pure culture of
Fusarium spp isolated from B. Eurycoma
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Brachystaegia eurycoma (Harms) also known as Achi in Igbo land is
a tree plant of tropical rain forest of West Africa. It is a member of the
plant family Leguminosae (Fabaceae) which has been recognized as the second
most important valuable plant source for human and animal nutrition (Rajeev and
Karim, 2009). Its uses ranges from food to medicine (Ndukwu, 2009). The seeds
are reported to be edible and are used widely in soups as thickener especially
among the rural populace. Onimawo and Egbekul (1998) reported its nutritional
importance as well as its dietary and medicinal value which include; it is low
in fibre but has a proximate composition which makes it a good source for
nutrient supplementation. The seed flour is useful as a functional agent in
fabricated foods such as bakery products and meal formulation (Ndukwu, 2009).
Brachystegia eurycoma is
a tree with a large flat crown of huge twisted widely-spreading branches; it
can grow up to 37 metres tall. The height is irregular with usually branches
from low down, it can be 70-200cm in diameter (African flowering plants
database, 2001)
The
tree is harvested from the wild for local uses as a food and medicine, and also
for its wood which is used locally and also exported. It is suitable for use as
a shade-providing ornamental tree, especially in the dry season when it
produces masses of coloured young foliage (Igwe and Okwu, 2013).
1.2
Table 1: Nutritional Composition of Seed Flour of B. eurycoma
|
SEED FLOUR
|
VALUE PER GRAM
|
|
WATER
|
10-12
|
|
FAT
|
13-14
|
|
PROTEIN
|
10-13
|
|
DIETARY
FIBRE
|
1-2
|
|
CARBOHYDRATE
|
59-61
|
|
ASH
|
1.5-4
|
Source: Ikegwu et al.( 2010).
1.2.1 IMPORTANCE OF BRACHYSTEGIA EURYCOMA
The uses of B. eurycoma range from food to medicine
(Ndukwu, 2009).
Construction uses: Its
wood kaka as “naga or okwen” is used for construction, joinery and furniture.
It is suitable for flooring, interior trim, interior carpentry, stairs, veneer
and plywood, the wood of Brachystegia eurycoma
is mainly used and traded locally. It may occasionally be exported in mixed
consignments. It is used to make containers (Oyen, 2012).
Nutritional uses
Ground
Brachystegia eurycoma seeds are used
in the Southern part of Nigeria as soup thickener (Enwere, 2000).Okwu et al. (2011) reported that ground B. Eurycoma seeds used as soup thickener
is capable of absorbing fluid without altering its physical and chemical
properties. It is low in fibre but has a proximate composition which makes it a
good source of nutrient supplement. Its seed flour is useful as a functional
agent in fabricated foods such as bakery products and meat formulation (Ndukwu,
2009).They are known to cause-increased viscosity in soups, giving it more
palatability and good mouth feel. The gum also impacts certain desirable
functional properties when added in other foods. (Igwe and Okwu (2013).The
seeds are a rich source of protein, carbohydrate and crude fibre. The seeds are
rich in potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron, sodium, manganese. (Mustapha,
2009).
Medicinal Uses:
The stem exudate of B. eurycoma has
effective antibacterial activity. It is used traditionally in the treatment of
wounds and infections, Igwe and Okwu (2013).Igbo people in Nigeria use the
plant as anthelmintic (Oyen, 2012). In a test in Nigeria, the seed mucilage was
shown to be suitable as a tablet binder (Olubunmi and Oremeyi, 2011).The stem
exudate has effective antibacterial activity. It is used traditionally in the
treatment of wounds and infections (Igwe and Okwu 2013). As essentially flavouring
agents used in small amounts they are reported to have both beneficial effect
and antimicrobial properties, if properly stored (Atanda, 2006).
In consideration of the above, this project was
conceived to isolate and identify mycoflora in ground B. eurycoma seeds (Achi) sold in Umuahia central
Justification
of Study
Ground
Achi is commonly sold on table-tops in our local markets, apart from possible
contamination of ground B. eurycoma
during processing due to; low hygienic norms observed by most people, high
human traffic in well populated areas raises dust from the ground and which deposits
on food stuffs that are left open during sales. This can lead to the
contamination of such uncovered products like ground Achi and can easily lead
to food poisoning if eventually consumed by humans. Isolation and
identification of some micro-organisms such as fungi in the soup thickener
would guide both sellers and buyers on a better way of processing, storing and
cooking Achi in our societies.
1.3. AIM AND OBJECTIVE
The major aim of this
investigation is to isolate and identify fungi species in ground B. Eurycoma (Achi) seeds obtained from
three local markets in Umuahia central.
1.3.1.Specific Objectives
The specific objectives of
this investigation are to:
Ø Isolate
fungi species in ground Achi sold in local markets in Umuahia central.
Ø Identify
fungi species in ground Achi sold in local markets in Umuahia central.
Ø Determine the gross percentage occurrence of
each of the fungal isolates in the B.
eurycoma samples studied.
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