ISOLATION OF MICROORGANISMS FROM SWIMMING POOLS IN UMUAHIA AND DETERMINATION OF ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY PATTERN OF THE ISOLATED ORGANISMS

 ABSTRACT

 Four different swimming pools in Umuahia, Abia State were investigated for their microbial qualities. Water samples from the swimming pools were serially diluted and were cultured on different agars using the pour plate technique for total heterotrophic plate count, coliform count and fungal count. The identification of the bacterial and fungal isolates were performed using standard microbial techniques which includes Gram staining, biochemical test and lactophenol cotton blue staining. Bacterial isolates  includes Staphylococcusaureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis,  Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. and Salmonella spp. while the fungal isolates were Penicillium spp., Mucor spp., Aspegillusniger, Aspergillusflavus, Candida albicans and Mucor spp. The mean heterophilic bacterial count ranged from 2.8x 105 cfu/ml to 5.5x106cfu/ml and the mean coliform count ranged from 1.7x 106cfu/ml to 3.2x106cfu/ml. Fungal count ranged from 1.5x 105 to 3.8x 106 cfu/ml. E.coli and S.aureus had 100% frequency of occurrence while Salmonella spp. had the least frequency (25%). For the fungal isolates Aspergillusniger had the highest percentage (100%) followed by Mucor spp. and Aspergillusfavus (75%),Canidaalbicans was the lest occurring (25%). Antibiotic susceptibility and Antifungal test values were 8mm-26mm for the bacterial isolates and 8mm- 28mm for the fugal isolates. The presence of high levels of coliforms and the isolation of pathogenic bacteria from the pools is an indication of the need to improve pool disinfection standards, proper education to the swimmers to improve on their hygiene before entering the pool and proper monitoring of pools by health organizations.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Cover Page     i

Title page ii

Certification                                                                                                                                  iii

Dedicationiv

Acknowledgement                                                                                                                         v

Tables of Content                                                                                                                      vi-viii

List of Tables                                                                                                                                  ix

List of Figures                                                                                                                                x

Abstract                                                                                                                                          xi

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction                                                                                                                              1

1.1 Aim of Study                                                                                                                            3

1.2 Objectives of Study                                                                                                                  3    

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature review                                                          4

2.1  Uses of Water2.1.1  Domestic Purposes                                                              4

2.1.2  Agricultural Purposes                                                                4

2.1.3 Industrial Purposes                                                            4

2.1.4 Recreational Purposes                                                            5

2.2  Sources of Water                               5

2.2.1  Surface Water 5

2.2.2  Ground Water                                                  6

2.2. 3 Artificial Water                                                                   7

2. 3 Microbial Hazards of Swimming Pool                         8

2.3.1  Staphyloccoci Infection                                                                     8

2.3.2  Pseudomonasaeruginosa9

2.3.3  Escherichia coli10

2.3.4  Shigella                                                                                                                                11                                    

2.3.5  Fungal Infection12

2.4 Control of Infection14

CHAPTER THREE

3.0  Materials and Methods 17

3.1  Collection of Samples17

3.2 Preparation of Media 17

3.3  Enumeration of Total Heterotrophic Bacteria and Fungi17

3.4  Identification and Characterization of Isolates18

3.4.0  Colonial Morphology18

3.4.1 Gram Staining18

3.4.2 Coagulase Test19

3.4.3  Spore Staining19

3.4.4  Motility Test20

3.4.5  Catalase Test20

3.4.6  Citrate Utilization Test20

3.4.7 Indole Test20

3.4.8  Oxidase Test21

3.4.9 Carbohydrate Fermentation Test21

3.5  Identification of Fungal Isolates22

3.5.1 Lactophenol Cotton Blue Staining22

3.5.2 Antibiotic susceptibility Testing22

3.5.3 Antifungal Test22

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0  Results23

4.1 Interpretation of Tables23

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0  Discussion34

5.1  Conclusion35

5.2  Recommendations35

REFERENCES36-39

APPENDIX                                                                                                               40-41

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Swimming pools are concrete tanks, large artificial basins or large paved holes containing water for swimming or other based recreation. A pool can be constructed either above or in the ground using concrete materials, metal, plastic or fiber glass.

Many hotels have pools available for their guest to use at their leisure. Educational facilities such as schools and universities occasionally have pools for their physical education classes. Recreational waters include swimming pools, whirlpools, and naturally occurring fresh and marine waters.

The recreational use of water is growing worldwide mainly because of its beneficial impact to human health. In the United States alone over 301 million swimming visits were made by persons aged 7 and above in 2009 (US Census Bureau, 2012).

Swimming pool water should meet portable water standard by being transparent, odorless and tasteless liquid having a freezing point of 0⁰c and boiling point of 100⁰c.(Cairns and Dickson 2003).

The quality of swimming pool water can be affected by the transmission of infectious diseases. Infection from swimming pool might be due to inadequate cleaning or disinfection measures most of the time.

Swimming pool may be infected by pathogenic microorganism entering the pool directly or indirectly through contaminated air, dust, rain, water, sewage, human or animal excrement and individual bather. (Al- Khatibet al., 2006). Faecal matter is introduced into the water when onehas an accidental fecal release or when residual faecalmaterials on swimmers bodies is washed into the pool. Aside from contaminations through the release of fecal materials, non faecal human shedding (vomit, mucus, skin or saliva) in the pool are potential sources of disease causing microorganism.

Disease such as diarrhea, typhoid fever, hepatitis and cholera have been reported from drinking of contaminated water by swimmers. (WHO.2004).

Because of the great diversity of pathogenic microorganism transmitted by contaminated water and the difficulty and cost of directly measuring all microbial pathogens in environmental samples, organisms that may indicate presence  of sewage and faecal contamination (Indicator organism) are often used for monitoring and regulation of recreational and drinking waters.

Indicator organisms are common inhabitants of the intestinal tract of warm blooded animals which are found on faecal material at high concentrations and are easier to measure in the environment than all the pathogens.

Although indicator organisms do not cause illness under normal conditions, they represent a measure of fecal contamination.(Maida et al., 2008).

The portability of swimming pool water is enhanced by frequently changing the water, use of disinfectants such as chlorine, bromine and iodine. Microbiological evaluation has for many years been the most significant method for sanitary and quality control of swimming pools.Bacterial contamination of swimming pool is strongly associated with infectious diseases and poses serious health issues to swimmers and those who comes in contact with the contaminated pools. It is therefore essential that swimming pools should be regularly monitored from deviation of microbial quality guidelines.

1.1 AIM OF STUDY

The work is aimed at determining the microorganism associated with swimming pools and determination of antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the isolated organism.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

1.     To isolate microorganisms from swimming pools

2.     To determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolatedorganisms

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