ABSTRACT
This study determines the possible roles of cross examination in the hospital environment. One hundred swabs were obtained from doctor’s stethoscope diaphragm, cell phones of health care workers (HCWS). Patient’s bed linen, pillow and door knobs at the Federal Medical Centre Umuahia from May 4th to May 11th 2016 using sterile cotton tipped applicators. Cultures from the swabs were screened for Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that 18.18% of the doctors stethoscopes, 22.73% of the doctors cellphones of the pillows and 13.64% of the bedlinens were contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus. Less than 97.73 of the isolated strains of Staphylococcus aureus were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin and 95.45% to Levofloxacin and 93.18% to Norfloxacin, while 81.82% were sensitive to Gentamycin. 68.18% to Erythromycin, 63.64% to Rifampin. 54.55% to Amoxacillin , while 40% were sensitive to chloramphenicol and Streptomycin, and 27.27% to Ampiclox. Staphylococcus aureus was sensitive to some of the antibiotics used than the others. The isolates were sensitive to most of the antibiotics to different degree except Ampiclox. The risk of having population of Staphylococcus aureus strains with high multi drug resistance is high in the study area. There is need to address indiscriminate use of antibiotics and other risk behaviour related to hygiene measure of the health care workers.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Certification i
Dedication ii
Acknowledgement iii
Table
of content iv
List
of Table v
Abstract vii
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 Aim of Study 2
1.3 Objectives of Study 2
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Nosocomial
Infections 3
2.1 Staphylococcus
Aureus 5
2.2 Staphylococcus
Genus 8
2.3 Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus
Infection 9
2.4 Fomites 11
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS
AND METHODS
3.0 Hospital settings 12
3.1 Sample Collection 12
3.2 Media Preparation 12
3.2.1 Macconkey Agar 12
3.2.2 Nutrient Agar 13
3.2.3 Culture 13
3.3 Isolation and characterization 14
3.4 Gram Staining 14
3.5 Biochemical Test (Reactions) 15
3.5.1 Catalase Test 15
3.5.2 Coagulase Test 16
3.6 Antibiotic Susceptibility test 16
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS 17
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY,
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.0 DISCUSSION 22
5.1 Conclusion 24
5.2 Recommendation 25
REFERENCES
LIST OF TABLES
Table
1: The bacterial isolates obtained from
different hospital wards 18
Table
2 Percentage occurrence at Staphylococcus aureus 19
Table
3. Antibiotic sensitivity patterns among clinical isolates of
Staphylococcus aureus obtained from the hospital fomites. 20
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Despite
remarkable advances in medical research and treatment during the 20th
century, infectious diseases remain among the leading cause of death worldwide
(NIAID, 2010). Of these, nosocomial infections comprise about 5 to 10%
(Emmerson et al., 2004).
It
has been estimated that one third of all nosocomial infections may be
preventable and are frequently caused by organisms acquired within the hospital
environment. (Hughes, 1988). In the United Kingdom, two national prevalence
studies have shown that approximately 10% of patients in hospitals are admitted
within infection and a further 10% acquire infection while receiving care
(Plowan et al.,2000). Recommendations
for infection control practices in hospitals are well documented and updated on
a regular basis (Garne, 1996).
Staphylococcus aureus is
considered as normal flora (Tolan, 2007). Some studies have evaluated staphylococcus aureus in contamination of various items such as stethoscopes
(Cohen and Matalon, 1997) contamination of computer devices (Devine et al., 2001) and in all phone and television
sets (Stacey et al., 1998). Door
handles of hospital r
ooms
that are frequently entered by staff maybe secondary rooms may occur by
inadequate compliance with hand hygiene regulation by staff such as cleaners
and patients family members (Oie et al., 2002).
The new guidelines published by the Infection Control Nurses Association (ICNA)
emphasized the primary role of hand decontamination in the prevention of
transmission of infection.
The
transmission of organism from artificially contaminated “Donor” fabrics to
clean “Recipient” fabrics via hand contact has also been reported (Marple and
Tower, 1979). The results indicated that the number of organisms was greater if
the donor fabric’ or the hands were wet upon contact (Marple and Tower, 1979).
Overall, only 0.06% of the organizations obtained from the contaminated donor
fabrics were transferred to recipient fabric through hand contact. Organism are
transferred to various types of surfaces in much larger number (i.e <104)
from wet hands than from hands that are thoroughly dried (Patric et al., 1997). Abraham and Jacob (2005)
found that a significant percentage of all phones were contaminated with
multi-drug resistant Aeinetobaster sp. and that cross contamination between
hands, cellphones and patients occurred in which 10% cases were implicated for contamination
of hands and cellphones.
1.2 Aim of Study
To
determine the extent of contamination with common medical equipment associated
with infection in the hospital environment.
1.3 Objectives of Study
1.
To isolate and identify Staphylococcus
aureus present in formites in the
hospital.
2.
To know the group of
antibiotics with the best antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus.
3.
To determine the
antibiotics susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus
aureus against the group of
antibiotics
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