ABSTRACT
The importance of Staphylococcus aureus, a persistent nosocomial and community acquired pathogen has become a global health concern. It has a remarkable capability of evolving different mechanisms of resistance to most antimicrobial agents. The present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in clinical samples and their susceptibility pattern to antibiotics. Standardized microbiological and biochemical methods where used to screen 60 wound swabs for Staphylococcus aureus. 27(45%) isolates was obtained from the samples. Antibiotic susceptibility result revealed high percentage sensitivity to Rifampicin (88.9%), levofloxacin (85.2%), ciprofloxacin (77.8%), erythromycin (77.8%), streptomycin (77.8%), gentamicin (74%), ceftriaxone (70.4%). Norfloxacin showed moderate sensitivity of 59.3%. Resistance was recorded for ampiclox (55.5%), amoxicillin (51.8%), cefuroxime (51.8%) and chloramphenicol (51.8%). The result showed that the macrolides, aminoglycosides, and quinolones are effective for management of Staphylococcal infections. It is recommended that antibiotic sensitivity testing is carried out on all isolates from wounds before chemotherapy to avoid selection of drug resistance strains.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
page i
Dedication ii
Acknowledgements iii
Table
of contents iv
List
of tables v
Abstract
vi
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Aims 3
1.2 Objectives 3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 The Test Organism Staphylococcus aureus 4
2.2 Identification of Staphylococci in The Clinical Laboratory 5
2.3 Epidemiology of Staphylococcu saureus Infections 6
2.3.1 Clinical Manifestations of
S. aureus 7
2.4 Pathogenesis of S. aureus Infections 8
2.5 Role of Adherence Infections
Associated With Medical Devices 9
2.6 Resistance Of
Staphylococci To Antimicrobial Drugs 11
2.7 Wound Sepsis 12
2.8 Epidemiology
Of Wound Infections 13
2.9 Classification
Of Wound 15
2.10 Microbiological
Impact 17
2.11 Future Prospects 18
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Study
Area 19
3.2 Population
study 19
3.3 Sample
Collection 19
3.4 Media
Preparation And Innoculation Of Wound Samples 19
3.4.1 Innoculation Of Samples And Isolation Of Staphylococcus Aureus 20
3.5 Identification
Of Isolates. 20
3.6
Gram Stain
Technique 20
3.7
Biochemical
Tests 20
3.7.1 Catalase test 20
3.7.2
Coagulase test 21
3.8
Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing 21
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0 RESULTS 22
CHAPTER
FIVE
5.0
DISCUSSION AND
CONCLUSION
5.1
Discussion 27
5.2
Conclusion 28
5.3 Recommendation 29
References 30
LIST OF TABLES
Tables Title
of tables Page
1 . Biochemical characterization and identification of S. aureus 23
2
Isolation rate of Staphylococcus aureus
from samples. 24
3
Susceptibility and resistance of Staphylococcus
aureus to various antibiotics. 25
4 Percentage of the susceptibility
and resistance of S.aureus to various
antibiotics. 26
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Bacterial contamination of wounds is
an important cause of mortality. Rapidly emerging nosocomial pathogens and the
problem of multi-drug resistance necessitate periodic review of antibiogram
pattern of organisms isolated in wounds (Mehta et al., 2007).The
development of wound infection depends on the integrity and protective function
of the skin (Anupurba et al., 2010). The widespread use of antibiotics,
together with the length of time over which they have been available have led
to major problems of resistant pathogens in wound infections contributing to
morbidity, and mortality (Nwachukwu et al., 2009).It has been shown that
wound infection is universal and the bacterial type varies with geographical
location, resident flora of the skin, clothing at the site of wound, time
between wound and examination(Anupurba et al., 2010).
In general, a wound can be
considered infected if purulent materials drain from it, even without
confirmation of positive cultures. Also, many wounds are colonized by bacteria,
whether infected or not. Infected wounds may not yield pathogens by culture
owing to the fastidious nature of some pathogens, or if the patient has received an antimicrobial
therapy (Nwachukwu et al., 2009). Many bacterial agents are known to
cause wound infections. Initial injury to the skin triggers coagulation and an
acute inflammatory response followed by exposure of subcutaneous tissue
following loss of skin integrity which provides a moist, warm, and nutritive
environment that is conducive to microbial colonization and proliferation (Yah et
al., 2010).
Staphylococcus aureus is a facultative
anaerobic Gram-positive coccal bacterium. It is the most common specie of Staphylococcus
to cause Staphylococcal infection.
Staphylococcus aureus has emerged as one of the mainly important human
pathogens, and has over the past numerous decades, been a leading foundation of
hospital and community-acquired infections (Johnssons et al., 2004;
Loffler et al., 2005, Shittu and Johnson, 2006).
The major reservoir of Staphylococcus
aureus in hospitals are colonized and infected in-patients and colonized
hospital workers. Carriers of S. aureus are at risk of developing
endogenous infections or transmitting infections to health care workers and
patients. S. aureus causes folliculitis, boil, furnculosis, scalded skin
syndrome, conjunctivitis, paronychia, mastitis, and toxic shock syndrome for
menstruating women who use tampons. Staphylococcal
pneumonia can occur if Staphylococcal
infection spreads to the lungs (Klodkowska-Farner et al., 1995).
Hospital acquired Staphylococcal infections are common in newborn babies,
surgical patients and hospital staff. Patients develop sepsis in operation
wounds, which take place in the theatre during operation, and others
post-operations in the ward (Tuo et al.,
1995). Staphylococcal food poisoning can also occur in which a toxin produced
by the bacteria is ingested with food. Food with a high salt or sugar content
favours the growth of S. aureus (Tuo et al., 1995). Many outbreaks of
staphylococcal food poisoning result from hand contacts (Bryant et al., 1998).
Drug resistance in
microorganisms is a predictable and perhaps inescapable response to the use of
antimicrobial agent. It can arise from the selection of resistant strains among
naturally susceptible species or from the ingress of new strains of naturally
resistant species. The extent of use of particular agents in a given
environment dictates the rate at which resistance arises among microbial
populations (Kunin et al. 1990). Staphylococcus aureus is
naturally susceptible to virtually every antibiotic that has ever been
developed. Resistance is often acquired by horizontal transfer to genes from
outside sources, although chromosomal mutation and antibiotic selection are
also important (Henry and Frank 2010).
Since the emergence of S.
aureus strains with resistance to methicillin shortly after its
introduction into clinical medicine (Jevons, 1961), it has established itself
as a leading agent for a wide range of infections. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus
aureus(MRSA) has become a common problem in hospitals, community and
livestock causing a wide range of acquired infections (Kopp et al.,2004;
Lodise and McKinnon, 2005; Nixon et al., 2006). This study will be
carried out to determine the prevalence and antibiogram of wound patient with staphylococcal infection in Federal
Medical Centre (FMC) Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria.
1.1 Aim
1.
To determine the prevalence and
antibiogram of wound patient with Staphylococcal
infection in Federal Medical Centre (FMC) Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria.
1.2 Objectives1Objectives
1. To isolate, characterize and
identify Staphylococcus aureus from
wound specimens
2.
To determine the prevalence of Staphylococcal infection in wound
specimens
3.
To determine antibiogram of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from
wound specimens
Buyers has the right to create
dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when
you experience issue with the file received.
Dispute can only be created when
you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of
contents and content of the file you received.
ProjectShelve.com shall either
provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or
send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and
Conditions are applied.
Buyers are expected to confirm
that the material you are paying for is available on our website
ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone
through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE
BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.
In case of payment for a
material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of
ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that
is available on our website within 48 hours.
You cannot change topic after
receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.
Login To Comment