Abstract

This study examines the influence of the availability and utilization of teaching aids on the academic performance of pupils in primary schools. The aim of the study is to determine if the availability and use of teaching aids have a significant impact on the academic performance of pupils in primary schools. The study adopts a quantitative research design, with a sample size of 200 pupils and 50 teachers from 10 primary schools in a selected state in Nigeria. Data is collected using questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings indicate that the availability and utilization of teaching aids have a significant positive impact on the academic performance of pupils in primary schools. The study concludes that primary schools should prioritize the provision and use of teaching aids to enhance the learning experience and academic performance of pupils. The findings of the study revealed that there is a significant positive relationship between the availability and utilization of teaching aids and the academic performance of pupils in primary schools. The study also revealed that the use of teaching aids has a significant impact on the cognitive and affective domains of learning. The study further indicated that teachers who utilize teaching aids are able to create a conducive learning environment that is engaging and interactive, which enhances the academic performance of pupils.

Table of Content

CHAPTER ONE  7

INTRODUCTION   7

1.1 Background of the study  7

1.2 Statement of the Problem    12

1.3 Research Objectives  14

1.4 Research Questions  14

1.5 Research Hypothesis  15

1.6 Significance of the Study  15

1.7 Scope of the study  17

1.8 Operational Definition of terms  17

CHAPTER TWO   19

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE  19

2.1 Overview of Instructional Materials  19

2.2 Instructional Materials and Academic Achievement  24

2.3 Challenges of utilizing instructional materials  26

2.4 Availability and Utilization of Instructional Material 27

2.5 Appraisal of the literature reviewed  28

CHAPTER THREE  33

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY   33

3.1         Research Design  33

3.2         Population of the Study  34

3.3         Sample and Sampling Technique  34

3.4         Instrumentation  35

3.5         Procedure for Data Collection  36

3.6         Validity and Reliability of the Instruments  36

3.7         Data Analysis Technique  37

CHAPTER FOUR   38

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS  38

CHAPTER FIVE  52

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS  52

5.1         Summary of the Findings  52

5.2         Conclusion  53

5.3         Recommendations  54

5.4         Suggestions for Further Studies  56

REFERENCES  57

APPENDIX  63

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

The influence of teaching aids on the academic performance of pupils in primary school cannot be over emphasized. According to the handbook for instructional material, instruction materials are tools for accessing, manipulating and using information in teaching and learning. Instructional materials as covering a wide range of visual and audio media, from simple chalkboard drawing to complex overhead transparencies and computer as described by Miner and Tyler (2005).

According to Combs in Ogundiran (2015) Education consist of two components. Inputs and outputs according to him, inputs consist of human and material resources and outputs are goods and outcomes of the educational process. Both the inputs and outputs form a dynamic organic whole and if one wants to investigate and assess the educational system in order to improve its performance effects of one component on the other must be examined. Instructional materials which are education al inputs are of vital importance to the teaching of any subject, in the primary school curriculum. According to Ogundiran (2015) no effective education programme can exist without equipment, facilities, materials and so on. They are indispensable to good teaching and learning. Teachers handling science subjects complain of lack of equipment and materials to carry out practical exercise with pupils. Due of this, some teachers avoid the practical aspect of science while concentrating their attention on the theoretical aspects. Some try to verbalize their teaching on theoretical aspect and by so doing render the lesson vague and abstract. Hence, the use of instructional materials in teaching and learning will enable the learner to develop problem solving skills, and positive attitude, acquire and develop functional knowledge and manipulative skills some researchers like Wales (2001) &Nwichi (2003) among others postulated that, the use of instructional materials would make a discovered facts glues firmly to the memory of pupils. Also, Asaya and Egwali (2005) opined that the use of teaching aids is to bring desirable changes in learner’s abilities and behavioursmore or less permanent due to experience exposure of knowledge gained and required by the active participation of the learners. Other also added that a well planned and imaginative us of visual aids in lesson should do much to banish apathy, supplement inadequacy of books as well as arouse pupils interest by giving them something practical to see, do and at the same time helping to train them to think abstractly (Savoury 2000, Koert 2000). Hence, Savoury (2004) suggested a catalogue of useful visual aids that will help in teaching pupils in public primary school like; pictures, postcards, diagrams, maps, film, strips and models. He added that, the selection of materials which are related to the basic contents of a lesson helps in understanding of such a lesson by the pupils. It also makes the lesson attractive and this motivating them to learn.

Ibe-Bassey (2008), suggested that school should be properly and uniformly equipped to promote sound and effective teaching with suitable textbooks, qualified teachers and libraries among others, and adequate learners should also be in schools in order to achieve a just and egalitarian society as spelt out in Nigerian National Policy on Education. Combs (2003) stressed that scarcity of these constraints, restrict the educational system from responding more fully to new demands. Knezewich (2001) also stressed the importance of having appropriate personnel plan, and adequate facilities to support of educational effort. Knezewich also opines that quality of education and its efficiency and productivity depends solemnly on good instructional materials.

Therefore, to ensure that the goals of primary education were met, the policy document recommended that primary education will be tuition free, universal and compulsory. It also recommended that teaching and learning must be practical, exploratory and experimental and should be handled by teachers the document also recommended the provision of educational resources centers to boost the availability of teaching materials . All the subjects taught in theprimary school help and assist the young children to be able to interact favourably with their environment, using these five senses to perceive the environment through providing assistance for the child to make useful orderly observation and to draw valid inference on the basis of what he observed around him. For the teacher to be proficient in handling classes, he must be trained and must possess skills that will help in this task, Umoren (Esu&NtuKidem, 2003). According to Umoren (Esu&Ntu-Kidem, 2003), the use of instructional materials at primary level has become an accepted fact in the world over.

Savoury (2004) submitted that most public primary schools in various local government areas in Nigeria do not know the scope and content of education technology and proper management strategies of any available instructional materials to enhance better teaching and learning. This result to their negative attitudes to the resources available. Another challenge facing the academic performance of the pupils in public primary school according to Fafunwa (2004) includes non-use of instructional materials, lack of funds to acquire some of the materials that cannot be improvised, lack of adequate room facilities for storage and security facilities inadequate regular electricity supply to sustain specific audio visual resources that require specific room temperature. Epileptic supply of electricity has a damaging effect on some of these teaching facilities. Also, Minor & Tyler, (2005) stressed that unavailability of useful materials; inadequate room facilities and budgets, poor, planning, poor communication, unfamiliarity with audio visual materials and methods of teaching, are challenges facing teaching in utilizing the available instructional material. Hence, Russell (2001) observes that “the use of media in instruction depend onthe attitude of the teacher and his perception of how media resources can facilitate the academic performance of the public primary school pupils in teaching and learning process.

It is on these notes that, the researcher wants to investigate the effects of availability and utilization of instructional material on academic performance of primary school pupils.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The primary school education, the background to which other levels of education are built upon. Many educationist and researchers have published their views on why instructional materials should be used in teaching in primary school level. Ogundiran (2015) postulated that despite the numerous advantages of utilizing instructional materials in teaching and learning, it is embarrassing to note that many teachers and schools in Nigeria still limit the teaching process to textbook chalks and chalkboards, teachers centered methods. They disregard the importance of using instructional materials as a tool to enhance the academic performance of the pupils in the primary schools. Also Savoury (2004) submitted that most public primary schools in various local government areas in Nigeria do not know the scope and content of educational technology and proper management strategies of any available instructional materials to enhance better teaching and learning.

The foregoing results to an unimpressive performance of primary education as postulated by Uzeochi (2004). It is therefore pertinent to find out the effect of availability and utilization of instructional material on pupils academics performances in primary schools.

Therefore, this study critically examines the effects of availability and utilization of instructional materials on the academic performance of primary school in Wamba Local Government Area of Nasarawa State.

1.3 Research Objectives

The major objective of this study is to examine the influence of availability and utilization of instructional material on the academic performance of primary schools’ pupils. Hence specifically, the study investigates;

1.     The extent of the availability of instructional materials in primary schools.

2.     The level at which the available instructional materials utilize by teachers in primary schools.

3.     The teachers’ perception on the influence of instructional material on pupil’s academic performance.

4.     The challenges faced by teachers in utilizing the available instructional materials in primary schools.

5.     The relationship between the use of instructional material and teachers’ perception on its influence on pupils’ academic performance

6.     To determine how availability and utilization of teaching aids could influence academic performance.

1.4 Research Questions

The following research questions were asked to guide the study;

1.     What is the extent of the availability of instructional materials in primary schools?

2.     How often the available instructional materials are utilized by teachers in primary schools?

3.     What is the teachers’ perception on the influence of instructional material on pupils’ academic performance?

4.     What are the challenges faced by teachers in utilizing the available instructional materials in primary schools?

1.5 Research Hypothesis

The following null hypotheses were drafted to guide the study;

HO₁ There is no significant difference between male and female teachers level of utilization of instructional materials in primary schools.

HO₂ There is no significant relationship between the use of instructional material and teachers’ perception on its influence on pupils’ academic performance.

1.6 Significance of the Study

This research work examines the effect of availability of availability and utilization of instructional materials on academic performance of pupils. However, the effective use of the available instructional material in primary schools covers all development of pupils.

Hence, qualitative analyses of this research work will provide more detailed explanation and insight into the effect of availability and utilization of instructional materials on academic performance which needed when establishing guidelines for future implementation especially the primary schools. Hence, this current study will add to the knowledge base of teachers’ education and the use of instructional materials in teaching/learning process as well as establishing guidelines for further explanation.

In addition, this research work will make clear to the Nasarawa State Government the available instructional materials in primary school.

Furthermore, this research will encourage the primary schools teachers to adequately utilize the available instructional haven know its effect on the academic performance of their pupils.

Therefore, it is hoped that the results of this study will be helpful in providing useful information for the preparation of pre-service teachers for teaching practice exercise; To serve as a basis for comprehensive investigation to redress problems in the implementing the new primary school syllabi.

Finally, the research works will be an eye-opener to the various challenges face by the primary school teachers in adequately utilizing the available instructional materials.

1.7 Scope of the study

This research work significantly covers the availability and use of instructional material in primary schools.

Therefore, the research work covers only the primary school teachers randomly selected based on their demographic information.

1.8 Operational Definition of terms

Instructional Materials: This is seen by teachers as teaching aids other than substitution in the classrooms

Teaching:  Is the process of facilitating pupils learning through a proper management by the teacher, pupils interest, content of learning, method and materials intend to use in teaching and learning process.

Teacher: this is a professional personnel that involve in teaching process

Effect: this is regards as the power to bring out a result

Primary school: this is the early stage of education i.e. Basic one(1) to Basic six (6)

Availability: refer to having instructional material at hand, which has an impact on the use of the instructional materials. This is important because for the instructional materials to be used they must be readily available.

Utilization: this is to make use of or turn to practical use i.e instructional material.

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