Abstract
This study examines the influence of the availability and utilization of
teaching aids on the academic performance of pupils in primary schools. The aim
of the study is to determine if the availability and use of teaching aids have
a significant impact on the academic performance of pupils in primary schools.
The study adopts a quantitative research design, with a sample size of 200
pupils and 50 teachers from 10 primary schools in a selected state in Nigeria.
Data is collected using questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive and
inferential statistics. The findings indicate that the availability and
utilization of teaching aids have a significant positive impact on the academic
performance of pupils in primary schools. The study concludes that primary
schools should prioritize the provision and use of teaching aids to enhance the
learning experience and academic performance of pupils. The findings of the
study revealed that there is a significant positive relationship between the
availability and utilization of teaching aids and the academic performance of
pupils in primary schools. The study also revealed that the use of teaching
aids has a significant impact on the cognitive and affective domains of
learning. The study further indicated that teachers who utilize teaching aids
are able to create a conducive learning environment that is engaging and
interactive, which enhances the academic performance of pupils.
Table of Content
CHAPTER ONE 7
INTRODUCTION 7
1.1 Background of the study 7
1.2 Statement of the Problem 12
1.3 Research Objectives 14
1.4 Research Questions 14
1.5 Research Hypothesis 15
1.6 Significance of the Study 15
1.7 Scope of the study 17
1.8 Operational Definition of terms 17
CHAPTER
TWO 19
REVIEW
OF RELATED LITERATURE 19
2.1 Overview of Instructional Materials 19
2.2 Instructional Materials and Academic Achievement 24
2.3 Challenges of utilizing instructional materials 26
2.4 Availability and Utilization of Instructional
Material 27
2.5 Appraisal of the literature reviewed 28
CHAPTER
THREE 33
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY 33
3.1 Research Design 33
3.2 Population of the Study 34
3.3 Sample and Sampling Technique 34
3.4 Instrumentation 35
3.5 Procedure for Data Collection 36
3.6 Validity and Reliability of the Instruments 36
3.7 Data Analysis Technique 37
CHAPTER
FOUR 38
DATA
ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 38
CHAPTER
FIVE 52
SUMMARY,
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 52
5.1 Summary of the Findings 52
5.2 Conclusion 53
5.3 Recommendations 54
5.4 Suggestions for Further Studies 56
REFERENCES 57
APPENDIX 63
CHAPTER
ONE
The influence of teaching aids on the
academic performance of pupils in primary school cannot be over emphasized.
According to the handbook for instructional material, instruction materials are
tools for accessing, manipulating and using information in teaching and
learning. Instructional materials as covering a wide range of visual and audio
media, from simple chalkboard drawing to complex overhead transparencies and
computer as described by Miner and Tyler (2005).
According to Combs in Ogundiran (2015)
Education consist of two components. Inputs and outputs according to him, inputs
consist of human and material resources and outputs are goods and outcomes of
the educational process. Both the inputs and outputs form a dynamic organic
whole and if one wants to investigate and assess the educational system in
order to improve its performance effects of one component on the other must be
examined. Instructional materials which are education al inputs are of vital
importance to the teaching of any subject, in the primary school curriculum.
According to Ogundiran (2015) no effective education programme can exist
without equipment, facilities, materials and so on. They are indispensable to
good teaching and learning. Teachers handling science subjects complain of lack
of equipment and materials to carry out practical exercise with pupils. Due of
this, some teachers avoid the practical aspect of science while concentrating
their attention on the theoretical aspects. Some try to verbalize their
teaching on theoretical aspect and by so doing render the lesson vague and
abstract. Hence, the use of instructional materials in teaching and learning
will enable the learner to develop problem solving skills, and positive
attitude, acquire and develop functional knowledge and manipulative skills some
researchers like Wales (2001) &Nwichi (2003) among others postulated that,
the use of instructional materials would make a discovered facts glues firmly
to the memory of pupils. Also, Asaya and Egwali (2005) opined that the use of
teaching aids is to bring desirable changes in learner’s abilities and behavioursmore
or less permanent due to experience exposure of knowledge gained and required
by the active participation of the learners. Other also added that a well
planned and imaginative us of visual aids in lesson should do much to banish
apathy, supplement inadequacy of books as well as arouse pupils interest by
giving them something practical to see, do and at the same time helping to
train them to think abstractly (Savoury 2000, Koert 2000). Hence, Savoury
(2004) suggested a catalogue of useful visual aids that will help in teaching
pupils in public primary school like; pictures, postcards, diagrams, maps,
film, strips and models. He added that, the selection of materials which are
related to the basic contents of a lesson helps in understanding of such a
lesson by the pupils. It also makes the lesson attractive and this motivating
them to learn.
Ibe-Bassey (2008),
suggested that school should be properly and uniformly equipped to promote
sound and effective teaching with suitable textbooks, qualified teachers and
libraries among others, and adequate learners should also be in schools in
order to achieve a just and egalitarian society as spelt out in Nigerian National
Policy on Education. Combs (2003) stressed that scarcity of these constraints,
restrict the educational system from responding more fully to new demands.
Knezewich (2001) also stressed the importance of having appropriate personnel
plan, and adequate facilities to support of educational effort. Knezewich also
opines that quality of education and its efficiency and productivity depends
solemnly on good instructional materials.
Therefore, to ensure that the goals of
primary education were met, the policy document recommended that primary
education will be tuition free, universal and compulsory. It also recommended
that teaching and learning must be practical, exploratory and experimental and
should be handled by teachers the document also recommended the provision of
educational resources centers to boost the availability of teaching materials .
All the subjects taught in theprimary school help and assist the young children
to be able to interact favourably with their environment, using these five
senses to perceive the environment through providing assistance for the child
to make useful orderly observation and to draw valid inference on the basis of
what he observed around him. For the teacher to be proficient in handling
classes, he must be trained and must possess skills that will help in this
task, Umoren (Esu&NtuKidem, 2003). According to Umoren (Esu&Ntu-Kidem,
2003), the use of instructional materials at primary level has become an
accepted fact in the world over.
Savoury (2004) submitted that most public
primary schools in various local government areas in Nigeria do not know the
scope and content of education technology and proper management strategies of
any available instructional materials to enhance better teaching and learning.
This result to their negative attitudes to the resources available. Another
challenge facing the academic performance of the pupils in public primary
school according to Fafunwa (2004) includes non-use of instructional materials,
lack of funds to acquire some of the materials that cannot be improvised, lack
of adequate room facilities for storage and security facilities inadequate
regular electricity supply to sustain specific audio visual resources that
require specific room temperature. Epileptic supply of electricity has a damaging
effect on some of these teaching facilities. Also, Minor & Tyler, (2005)
stressed that unavailability of useful materials; inadequate room facilities
and budgets, poor, planning, poor communication, unfamiliarity with audio
visual materials and methods of teaching, are challenges facing teaching in
utilizing the available instructional material. Hence, Russell (2001) observes
that “the use of media in instruction depend onthe attitude of the teacher and
his perception of how media resources can facilitate the academic performance
of the public primary school pupils in teaching and learning process.
It is on these notes that, the researcher wants
to investigate the effects of availability and utilization of instructional
material on academic performance of primary school pupils.
The primary school education, the
background to which other levels of education are built upon. Many educationist
and researchers have published their views on why instructional materials
should be used in teaching in primary school level. Ogundiran (2015) postulated
that despite the numerous advantages of utilizing instructional materials in
teaching and learning, it is embarrassing to note that many teachers and
schools in Nigeria still limit the teaching process to textbook chalks and
chalkboards, teachers centered methods. They disregard the importance of using
instructional materials as a tool to enhance the academic performance of the
pupils in the primary schools. Also Savoury (2004) submitted that most public
primary schools in various local government areas in Nigeria do not know the
scope and content of educational technology and proper management strategies of
any available instructional materials to enhance better teaching and learning.
The foregoing results to an unimpressive
performance of primary education as postulated by Uzeochi (2004). It is
therefore pertinent to find out the effect of availability and utilization of
instructional material on pupils academics performances in primary schools.
Therefore, this study critically examines
the effects of availability and utilization of instructional materials on the
academic performance of primary school in Wamba Local Government Area of Nasarawa
State.
The major objective of this study is to
examine the influence of availability and utilization of instructional material
on the academic performance of primary schools’ pupils. Hence specifically, the
study investigates;
1.
The extent of the availability of
instructional materials in primary schools.
2.
The level at which the available
instructional materials utilize by teachers in primary schools.
3.
The teachers’ perception on the influence
of instructional material on pupil’s academic performance.
4.
The challenges faced by teachers in utilizing
the available instructional materials in primary schools.
5. The
relationship between the use of instructional material and teachers’ perception
on its influence on pupils’ academic performance
6. To
determine how availability and utilization of teaching aids could influence
academic performance.
The following research questions were
asked to guide the study;
1.
What is the extent of the availability of
instructional materials in primary schools?
2.
How often the available instructional
materials are utilized by teachers in primary schools?
3.
What is the teachers’ perception on the influence
of instructional material on pupils’ academic performance?
4.
What are the challenges faced by teachers
in utilizing the available instructional materials in primary schools?
The following null hypotheses were drafted
to guide the study;
HO1 There is
no significant difference between male and female teachers level of utilization
of instructional materials in primary schools.
HO2 There is no significant relationship
between the use of instructional material and teachers’ perception on its
influence on pupils’ academic performance.
This research work
examines the effect of availability of availability and utilization of
instructional materials on academic performance of pupils. However, the
effective use of the available instructional material in primary schools covers
all development of pupils.
Hence, qualitative
analyses of this research work will provide more detailed explanation and
insight into the effect of availability and utilization of instructional materials
on academic performance which needed when establishing guidelines for future
implementation especially the primary schools. Hence, this current study will
add to the knowledge base of teachers’ education and the use of instructional
materials in teaching/learning process as well as establishing guidelines for
further explanation.
In addition, this
research work will make clear to the Nasarawa State Government the available
instructional materials in primary school.
Furthermore, this research will encourage
the primary schools teachers to adequately utilize the available instructional
haven know its effect on the academic performance of their pupils.
Therefore, it is hoped
that the results of this study will be helpful in providing useful information
for the preparation of pre-service teachers for teaching practice exercise; To
serve as a basis for comprehensive investigation to redress problems in the
implementing the new primary school syllabi.
Finally, the research
works will be an eye-opener to the various challenges face by the primary
school teachers in adequately utilizing the available instructional materials.
This research work
significantly covers the availability and use of instructional material in
primary schools.
Therefore, the research work covers only
the primary school teachers randomly selected based on their demographic
information.
Instructional
Materials: This is seen by teachers as teaching aids other than substitution
in the classrooms
Teaching: Is the process of facilitating pupils learning
through a proper management by the teacher, pupils interest, content of
learning, method and materials intend to use in teaching and learning process.
Teacher:
this is a professional personnel that involve in teaching process
Effect:
this
is regards as the power to bring out a result
Primary
school: this is the early stage of education i.e. Basic
one(1) to Basic six (6)
Availability:
refer to having instructional material at hand, which has an impact on the use
of the instructional materials. This is important because for the instructional
materials to be used they must be readily available.
Utilization:
this is to make use of or turn to practical use i.e instructional material.
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