ABSTRACT
The influence of teaching
aids on the academic performance of pupils in primary school is very important
and cannot be ignored. The inputs consist of both human and material resources,
pupils and students learn easily with teaching Aid. It cuts time wastage as the
object speaks volume of what to learn. The availability is very significance
for learning to take place. Instructional materials consist of concrete or
physical objects which provide sound. Utilization of instructional materials
and lack of teaching skills are sort of bane to teachers regular meaningful of
workshop on improvisation technique is solution to teachers on their day to day
activities in the class. Hence, this study critically investigates the effects
of availability and utilization of instructional materials on the academic
performance of primary school in Ifelodun Local Government Area of Kwara State.
This study was descriptive study of the survey type using questionnaire the
population consists of all primary school teachers both public and private in
Ifelodun Local Government Kwara state out of 100 teacher’s samples 59% were
male while 41% were female. Pictures, charts and posters were moderately
available. Also, the study discovered that there is no discrepancy in the
utilization of instructional resources on the bases of teachers’ gender while
correlation exist between the utilization of instructional materials and
teachers’ perception on the influence of instructional materials on pupils
academic performance. I recommend that government should supply
instructional/teaching aids to school to make learning easy and accessible.
Parent should be ready to cooperate with teachers for their wards to 80 far in
life educationally. Based on the finding obtained from this study availability
and utilization of instructional materials is indispensable.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title
page i
Certification
ii
Dedication
iii
Acknowledgement
iv
Abstract
v
Table of
Content vi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the study 1-4
1.2
Statement of the Problem 5
1.3
Research Objectives 6
1.4
Research Question 6-7
1.5
Research Hypothesis 7
1.6
Significance of the study 7-8
1.7
Scope of the study 8
1.8
Operational Definition of
Terms 9
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Overview
of Instructional material 10-13
2.2 Instructional
Materials and Academic achievement 13-15
2.3 Challenges
of utilizing instructional materials 15-16
2.4 Availability
and utilization of instructional material 16-17
2.5 Appraisal
of the literature reviewed 17-19
CHAPTER
THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research
Design 20
3.2 population
of the Study 20
3.3 Sample
and Sampling Technique 21
3.4 Instrumentation 21-22
3.5 Procedure
for Data Collection 22
3.6 Validity
and Reliability of the Instruments 22
3.7 Data
Analysis Technique 23
CHAPTER
FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 Demographic
Data of the respondents 24
4.2 Answering
of Research Question 25-29
4.3 Hypotheses
Testing 30-31
4.4 Discussion
of findings 31-33
CHAPTER
FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
of the Finding 34-35
5.2 Conclusion
35
5.3 Recommendations 36-37
5.4 Suggestion
for Further Studies 37
REFERENCE
38-41
APPENDIX
42-45
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
The influence of
teaching aids on the academic performance of pupils in primary school cannot be
over emphasized. According to the handbook for instructional material,
instruction materials are tools for accessing, manipulating and using
information in teaching and learning. Instructional materials as covering a
wide range of visual and audio media, from simple chalkboard drawing to complex
overhead transparencies and computer as described by Miner and Tyler (2005).
According to
Combs in Ogundiran (2015) Education consist of two components. Inputs and
outputs according to him, inputs consist of human and material resources and
outputs are goods and outcomes of the educational process. Both the inputs and
outputs form a dynamic organic whole and if one wants to investigate and assess
the educational system in order to improve its performance effects of one
component on the other must be examined. Instructional materials which are
education al inputs are of vital importance to the teaching of any subject, in
the primary school curriculum. According to Ogundiran (2015) no effective
education programme can exist without equipment, facilities, materials and so
on. They are indispensable to good teaching and learning. Teachers handling
science subjects complain of lack of equipment and materials to carry out
practical exercise with pupils. Due of this, some teachers avoid the practical
aspect of science while concentrating their attention on the theoretical
aspects. Some try to verbalize their teaching on theoretical aspect and by so
doing render the lesson vague and abstract. Hence, the use of instructional
materials in teaching and learning will enable the learner to develop problem
solving skills, and positive attitude, acquire and develop functional knowledge
and manipulative skills some researchers like Wales (2001) &Nwichi (2003)
among others postulated that, the use of instructional materials would make a
discovered facts glues firmly to the memory of pupils. Also, Asaya and Egwali
(2005) opined that the use of teaching aids is to bring desirable changes in learner’s
abilities and behavioursmore or less permanent due to experience exposure of
knowledge gained and required by the active participation of the learners.
Other also added that a well planned and imaginative us of visual aids in
lesson should do much to banish apathy, supplement inadequacy of books as well
as arouse pupils interest by giving them something practical to see, do and at
the same time helping to train them to think abstractly (Savoury 2000, Koert
2000). Hence, Savoury (2004) suggested a catalogue of useful visual aids that
will help in teaching pupils in public primary school like; pictures,
postcards, diagrams, maps, film, strips and models. He added that, the
selection of materials which are related to the basic contents of a lesson
helps in understanding of such a lesson by the pupils. It also makes the lesson
attractive and this motivating them to learn.
Ibe-Bassey
(2008), suggested that school should be properly and uniformly equipped to
promote sound and effective teaching with suitable textbooks, qualified
teachers and libraries among others, and adequate learners should also be in
schools in order to achieve a just and egalitarian society as spelt out in
Nigerian National Policy on Education. Combs (2003) stressed that scarcity of
these constraints, restrict the educational system from responding more fully
to new demands. Knezewich (2001) also stressed the importance of having
appropriate personnel plan, and adequate facilities to support of educational
effort. Knezewich also opines that quality of education and its efficiency and
productivity depends solemnly on good instructional materials.
Therefore, to
ensure that the goals of primary education were met, the policy document
recommended that primary education will be tuition free, universal and
compulsory. It also recommended that teaching and learning must be practical,
exploratory and experimental and should be handled by teachers the document
also recommended the provision of educational resources centers to boost the
availability of teaching materials . All the subjects taught in theprimary
school help and assist the young children to be able to interact favourably
with their environment, using these five senses to perceive the environment
through providing assistance for the child to make useful orderly observation
and to draw valid inference on the basis of what he observed around him. For
the teacher to be proficient in handling classes, he must be trained and must
possess skills that will help in this task, Umoren (Esu&NtuKidem, 2003).
According to Umoren (Esu&Ntu-Kidem, 2003), the use of instructional
materials at primary level has become an accepted fact in the world over.
Savoury (2004)
submitted that most public primary schools in various local government areas in
Nigeria do not know the scope and content of education technology and proper
management strategies of any available instructional materials to enhance
better teaching and learning. This result to their negative attitudes to the
resources available. Another challenge facing the academic performance of the
pupils in public primary school according to Fafunwa (2004) includes non-use of
instructional materials, lack of funds to acquire some of the materials that
cannot be improvised, lack of adequate room facilities for storage and security
facilities inadequate regular electricity supply to sustain specific audio
visual resources that require specific room temperature. Epileptic supply of
electricity has a damaging effect on some of these teaching facilities. Also,
Minor & Tyler, (2005) stressed that unavailability of useful materials;
inadequate room facilities and budgets, poor, planning, poor communication,
unfamiliarity with audio visual materials and methods of teaching, are
challenges facing teaching in utilizing the available instructional material.
Hence, Russell (2001) observes that “the use of media in instruction depend
onthe attitude of the teacher and his perception of how media resources can
facilitate the academic performance of the public primary school pupils in
teaching and learning process.
It is on these
notes that, the researcher want to investigate the effects of availability and
utilization of instructional material on academic performance of primary school
pupils.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The primary
school education, the background to which other levels of education are built
upon. Many educationist and researchers have published their views on why
instructional materials should be used in teaching in primary school level. Ogundiran
(2015) postulated that despite the numerous advantages of utilizing
instructional materials in teaching and learning, it is embarrassing to note
that many teachers and schools in Nigeria still limit the teaching process to
textbook chalks and chalkboards, teachers centered methods. They disregard the
importance of using instructional materials as a tool to enhance the academic
performance of the pupils in the primary schools. Also Savoury (2004) submitted
that most public primary schools in various local government areas in Nigeria
do not know the scope and content of educational technology and proper
management strategies of any available instructional materials to enhance
better teaching and learning.
The foregoing
results to an unimpressive performance of primary education as postulated by
Uzeochi (2004). It is therefore pertinent to find out the effect of
availability and utilization of instructional material on pupils academics
performances in primary schools.
Therefore, this
study critically examines the effects of availability and utilization of
instructional materials on the academic performance of primary school in Ifelodun
Local Government Area of Kwara State.
1.3 Research Objectives
The major
objective of this study is to examine the influence of availability and
utilization of instructional material on the academic performance of primary
schools’ pupils. Hence specifically, the study investigates;
1. The extent of the availability of instructional
materials in primary schools.
2. The level at which the available instructional
materials utilize by teachers in primary schools.
3. The teachers’ perception on the influence of
instructional material on pupil’s academic performance.
4. The challenges faced by teachers in utilizing the
available instructional materials in primary schools.
5.
The relationship
between the use of instructional material and teachers’ perception on its
influence on pupils’ academic performance
6.
To determine how
availability and utilization of teaching aids could influence academic
performance.
1.4 Research Questions
The following
research questions were asked to guide the study;
1. What is the extent of the availability of
instructional materials in primary schools?
2. How often the available instructional materials
areutilized by teachers in primary schools?
3. What is the teachers’ perception on the influence of
instructional material on pupils’ academic performance?
4. What are the challenges faced by teachers in
utilizing the available instructional materials in primary schools?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
The following
null hypotheses were drafted to guide the study;
HO1
There is no significant difference between male and female teachers level of
utilization of instructional materials in primary schools.
HO2 There is
no significant relationship between the use of instructional material and
teachers’ perception on its influence on pupils’ academic performance.
1.6 Significance of the Study
This
research work examines the effect of availability of availability and
utilization of instructional materials on academic performance of pupils.
However, the effective use of the available instructional material in primary
schools covers all development of pupils.
Hence,
qualitative analyses of this research work will provide more detailed
explanation and insight into the effect of availability and utilization of
instructional materials on academic performance which needed when establishing
guidelines for future implementation especially the primary schools. Hence,
this current study will add to the knowledge base of teachers’ education and
the use of instructional materials in teaching/learning process as well as
establishing guidelines for further explanation.
In
addition, this research work will make clear to the Kwara State Government the
available instructional materials in primary school.
Furthermore,
this research will encourage the primaryschools teachers to adequately utilize
the available instructional haven know its effect on the academic performance
of their pupils.
Therefore,
it is hoped that the results of this study will be helpful in providing useful
information for the preparation of pre-service teachers for teaching practice
exercise; To serve as a basis for comprehensive investigation to redress
problems in the implementing the new primary school syllabi.
Finally,
the research works will be an eye-opener to the various challenges face by the
primary school teachers in adequately utilizing the available instructional
materials.
1.7 Scope of the study
This
research work significantly covers the availability and use of instructional
material in primary schools.
Therefore, the
research work covers only the primary school teachers randomly selected based
on their demographic information.
1.8 Operational Definition of terms
Instructional Materials: This is seen by teachers as teaching aids other
than substitution in the classrooms
Teaching:
Is the process of facilitating pupils
learning through a proper management by the teacher, pupils interest, content
of learning, method and materials intend to use in teaching and learning
process.
Teacher:
this is a professional personnel that involve in teaching process
Effect: this
is regards as the power to bring out a result
Primary school:
this is the early stage of education i.e. Basic one(1) to Basic six (6)
Availability:
refer to having instructional material at hand, which has an impact on the use
of the instructional materials. This is important because for the instructional
materials to be used they must be readily available.
Utilization:
this is to make use of or turn to practical use i.e instructional material
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