AN IN-DEPTH STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF CHRISTIAN COUNSELING ON THE HEALING OF TRAUMATIZED CHRISTIANS IN NORTHERN NIGERIA

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 Abstract

This study explores into the intricate dynamics of trauma recovery among Christians in Northern Nigeria, examining the influence of psychological interventions, social support structures, and religious coping mechanisms on healing processes within this vulnerable population. Through a mixed-methods approach, quantitative analyses were conducted using logistic regression to explore the relationships between key factors and trauma recovery outcomes, while qualitative data provided insights into the lived experiences of trauma survivors. The findings reveal several significant factors influencing healing outcomes, including the duration of Christian counseling and the efficacy of religious coping strategies. While sustained engagement with counseling services emerged as a crucial predictor of healing, the study did not find a significant relationship between social support and trauma recovery, challenging conventional assumptions about the role of social networks in mitigating trauma's effects. Additionally, while the influence of religious leaders provided emotional solace, it did not directly impact the healing process. However, religious coping strategies significantly influenced healing outcomes, highlighting the resilience embedded within religious beliefs and practices. Based on these findings, recommendations are proposed to enhance trauma recovery efforts, including the integration of faith-based approaches into interventions and the strengthening of social support networks. Furthermore, suggestions for further study are outlined to deepen our understanding of trauma recovery processes and inform the development of culturally sensitive interventions tailored to the specific needs of traumatized Christians in Northern Nigeria. Overall, this research contributes to a broader dialogue surrounding trauma recovery and resilience-building efforts within this vulnerable population, offering valuable insights for practitioners, policymakers, and researchers working in the field of mental health and psychosocial support.






TABLE OF CONTENTS

Content                                                                                  Page

Fly Leaf……………………………………………………………….……………….…i

Title page:…………………………………………………………………………..……ii

Declaration:……………………….…………………………………………….....……iii

Certification:……………………………..……………………………........…….…….iv

Dedication:……………………………………………………………………….……...v

Acknowledgement:……………………………………….……………………...……..vi

Table of Contents:………...……………………………………………..…………….vii

List of Tables:…………………………..………………………………..…………….viii

List of Figures:…………………………………………………………..……………...ix

List of Abbreviations and Symbols:…………………………………….…………..….xi

Abstract:…………………………………………………………………..……………xii


CHAPTER ONE

1.0       Introduction

1.1       Background of the Study:………………………………………….……………1

1.2       Statement of the Problem:…………………………………………..……….…..4

1.3       Aim and Objectives of the Study:………………………………..……………...5

1.3.1       Aim of the Study:………………………………………………..……………....5

1.3.2       Objectives of the Study:………………………………..…………………….….5

1.4       Research questions and Hypotheses:……………………………...…………..….6

1.4.1       Research Questions:……………………………….………………..………..…..6

1.4.2 Research Hypotheses:…………………………..………………..………….…...7

1.5       Significance /Justification of the Study:………………………….………….......8

1.6       Scope of the Study:……………………………………………………..…..…….9

1.7       Limitation of the Study:……………………………………………..…..…..…....9

1.8       Definition of Operational Terms:……………………………………..……….....9


CHAPTER TWO

2.0       LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1       Introduction:………………………………………………………..…………...15

2.2       Historical Perspective:…………………………………………………..………15

2.3       Theological Framework:………………………………………………….…….18

2.4       Theological Rationale:………….…………………………………....................21

2.5      Conceptual Framework:…………………………………………………………23

2.5.1      The impact of Christian Counseling on the Healing of Traumatized Christians…………………………………………………………………….25

2.5.2      The Role of Duration of Counseling in Christian Counselling …………..…30

2.5.3      The Relationship between Christian Counseling, Religious Coping and the Potential Role of Counseling Duration has gained attention in recent research…………………………………………………………………...…..33

2.5.4      Social Support on the Healing of Traumatized Christians…………………….34

2.5.5      Role of Religious Leander’s influence on the Healing of Traumazed Christians…………………………………………………………………..….35

2.5.6      The Role of Religious Beliefs in Trauma Recovery…………………….….…36

2.5.7      Religions coping ……………………………………………………………...36

2.5.8      Relationship between Religions and trauma Healing………………………….37

2.5.9      The Involvement of faith leaders in trauma Healing and Support…………….39

2.5.10  Trauma and its Effects  on Christians…………………………………........…40

2.5.10.1         Some of the Specific Effects of Trauma on Christians include…………....41

2.5.11 Resilience and Coping Mechanism………………………………………..…42

2.5.12  Factors influencing Trauma severity…………………………………….….43

2.6      Current Trends:……………………………………………………………..........45

2.7      Research Gaps:……………………………………..……………………………46


CHAPTER THREE

3.0    RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1     Introduction:……………………………………………………..……..…….......48

3.2     Research Design:………………………………………………….…...…………48

3.3     Location of the Study…………………………………………….…………….....49

3.4     Population of the Study:…………………………………………….…………….51

3.5     Sample size and sampling Techniques:…………………………………...............51

3.5.1      Sample size:………………………………………………………..……..…….51

3.5.2 Sampling Technique:……………………………………………………………..53

3.6     Research Instrument:……………………………………………………….…...54

3.7     Validity and Reliability:………………………………………………………....54

3.8      Reliability of the Instrument:……………………………………...................…55

3.9      Data Collection and procedure:……………………………………..………….56

3.9.1      Administration of the Instrument:…………………………………...………….56

3.10        Research Ethics:…………………………………………………………..…..…57

3.11        Data Analysis:………………………………………………………….…….….57


CHAPTER FOUR

4.0     PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

4.1     Introduction…………………….………………………………………..…….…59

4.2     Presentation of findings using tables:……………………………………..…...…60

4.3     Analysis of Collected data & testing of Hypotheses:……………………..……...69

 4.4 Testing of Hypothesis……………………………………………………..……….70


CHAPTER FIVE

5.0    DISCUSSION

5.1    Introduction:……………………………………………………………….……..75

5.2    Interpret analyzed data to answer Research Questions:…………..……………..75

5.3    Interpret analysed data to justify the Hypotheses:……………………………….77


CHAPTE SIX

6.0      SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

6.1      Introduction

6.2  Summary of the Finding:……………………………………………………...…..81

6.3      Conclusion:……………………………………………………….…….………82

6.4      Recommendations:……………………………………………………….…..…85

6.5 .1  Suggestions for further Studies:………………………………………….……..87

References………………………………………………………………………..…….89





LIST OF TABLES

Table. 1: Frequency table of Gender Distribution of participates………………………60

Table. 2: Descriptive statistics for Age Group of Participants………………..….……..61

Table. 3: Frequency table of Marital Status Distribution of participants………………..62

Table.4: Frequency table of Religion Distribution of participants……………..……….63

Table. 5: Frequency table of Educational level distribution of participants……….…..64

Table. 6: Frequency table of Geographical Location distribution of Participants…..…65

Table. 7: Reliability of Statistics…………………………………………………….....66

Appendices

Appendix 1: Map of Nigeria Showing 19 Northern States………………………...…..95

Appendix 2: Instrument for Data Collection………………………………………..…96

Appendix 3: Conceptual Model……………………………………….……..………..103

Appendix4: Reliability Test Result…………………………………….…...…………104

Appendix:5: Normality   Test Result…………………………………..…………….109

Appendix: 6 Ordinal Regression Test Result…………………………..………..……119





LIST OF FIGURES

Figures. 1 Map of Nigeria showing 19 Northern States……………………………….50

Figures.2: Gender of Respondents on Bar Chart …………………………….……...…61

Figures.3: Age Range of the Respondents on Pie chart:……………………….....…..…62

Figures.4: Marital Status of the Respondents on Pie Chart ……………………….…….63

Figures.5: Religious of Respondents on Pie Chart…………………………..…………64

Figures.6: Educational Level of the Respondents on Bar chart……………….……….65

Figures.7: Geographical Location of the Respondents on Bar chart…………..………..66





 

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

1.         PTSD- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

2.        IDPs - Internally Displaces Persons

3.       SIM – Sudan Interior Mission

4.       CCEFChristian Counselling and Educational Foundation

5.       ACCN. – Association of Christian Counselors of Nigeria

6.       SAMHSA - Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

7.       CBT - Cognitive behavioral therapy

8.       NGOs – Non Governmental Organizations

9.       ITSS - Inventory of Traumatic Stress Symptoms

10.   SPSS - Statistical Package for Social Sciences

 








CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                           INTRODUCTION

1.1   Background of the Study

The prevalence of trauma in Northern Nigeria is a matter of significant concern. Factors such as communal conflicts, terrorism, and economic challenges have subjected many Christians in this region to traumatic experiences (Human Rights Watch. 2022). Trauma can have profound psychological, emotional, and physical consequences, affecting the well-being of individuals and communities (Jones, & Miles, 2020). In this context, Christian counseling plays a vital role in addressing trauma and promoting healing (Ellison, C. G. 2016). This research seeks to investigate the impact of Christian counseling on the healing of traumatized Christians in Northern Nigeria, contributing to both the field of counseling and the well-being of the affected population.

Trauma can manifest itself in a variety of ways, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, and physical health problems. It can also lead to social isolation, relationship problems, and difficulty functioning at work or school (Leo, D. (2021).

Christian counseling can help traumatized individuals to process their experiences, develop coping skills, and rebuild their lives. It can also provide a safe and supportive environment where they can explore their faith and its role in their healing.

The research on the effectiveness of Christian counseling for trauma survivors is limited, but the available evidence suggests that it can be a helpful intervention. For example, a study of Christian counseling for survivors of war trauma in Uganda found that it was effective in reducing symptoms of PTSD and anxiety (MDPI. (2022).

Nigeria has unquestionably witnessed disturbing incidents of religious violence over the years (Ikenah-Metuh 1994:2). Notable examples include the Kasuwan Magani conflict in 1980, the Zango Kataf and Gure-Kahugu clashes in 1987, the events in Kafanchan and Lere in 1987, as well as the incidents in Ilorin and Jere in 1989, Tafawa Balewa in 1991, and Zango Kataf in 1992 (Eniola 2010: 77-81). These conflicts are predominantly concentrated in the northern part of the country, where the primary actors are the Hausa/Fulani Muslim population and Christian ethnic minorities.

Religious conflict in northern Nigeria has had a devastating impact on the Christian population, causing displacement, violence, and psychological and spiritual trauma (Akpan, 2019). The conflict is driven by a combination of factors, including religious extremism, political competition, and socioeconomic inequality (UNHCR, 2023).

Christians in northern Nigeria have been displaced in large numbers, with over 2.2 million IDPs concentrated in the northeast region (UNHCR, 2023). Christian communities have also been subjected to widespread violence and destruction, with churches, businesses, and homes being looted and destroyed. Many Christians have been killed or injured in these attacks.

The trauma experienced by Christians in northern Nigeria is profound and far-reaching. They have lost loved ones, their homes, and their livelihoods. They also live in fear of future attacks. This trauma can have a devastating impact on both the physical and mental health of individuals and communities.

In addition to the psychological trauma, religious conflict can also have a significant spiritual impact on Christians. When Christians are targeted because of their faith, it can challenge their core beliefs and sense of identity. They may question whether God is good and why He allows evil to happen. This can lead to spiritual crisis and disillusionment.

Religion plays a central role in the lives of the people in Northern Nigeria, and the Christian faith can be a source of solace and hope for many traumatized individuals (Akpan, 2019). Christian counseling can be a valuable resource for addressing trauma within the framework of their faith (Akpan, 2019).

Christian counselors can provide a safe and supportive space for individuals to share their experiences and explore their spiritual beliefs in relation to their trauma (Akpan, 2019). This can be especially helpful for individuals who feel isolated or misunderstood by others. Christian counselors can also help individuals to develop coping mechanisms and resilience to deal with the symptoms of trauma. This may include teaching individuals relaxation techniques, stress management skills, and problem-solving skills. Christian counselors can also help individuals to identify their strengths and resources, and to develop a sense of hope for the future (Akpan, 2019).

In addition, Christian counselors can help individuals to find meaning and purpose in their lives after trauma. This may involve helping individuals to identify their spiritual gifts and talents, and to find ways to use them to help others. Christian counselors can also help individuals to develop a deeper understanding of God's love and grace, and to experience forgiveness and healing (Akpan, 2019).


1.2   Statement of the Problem

Northern Nigeria has experienced a prolonged and complex history of socio-political and religious conflicts, resulting in a significant number of traumatized individuals, many of whom identify as Christians. These traumas, often associated with violence, displacement, and religious persecution, have profound and long-lasting effects on the mental, emotional, and spiritual well-being of affected individuals. In response to this crisis, Christian counseling services have become increasingly prevalent as a means of addressing the psychological and spiritual wounds inflicted on traumatized Christians in the region.

However, despite the growing prominence of Christian counseling as an intervention tool, there exists a scarcity of comprehensive research that systematically examines the impact of Christian counseling on the healing and recovery processes of traumatized Christians in Northern Nigeria. Therefore, this dissertation is on filling the gap that exist.


1.3   Aim and Objectives of the Study

1.3.1      Aim of the Study.

The aim of this study is to explore and analyze the impact of Christian Counseling in facilitating the healing process of traumatized Christians in Northern Nigeria with the integration of faith-based and evidence-based approaches within counseling, and assess the long-term sustainability of healing.

1.3.2      Objectives of the Study

The primary objectives of this research dissertation are as follow:

1.     To analyze the impact of Christian Counseling on the healing of traumatized Christians

2.     To determine the moderating role of duration of Counseling of Christian Counseling in the relationship between Christian Counseling and religious coping.

3.     To analyze the moderating role of age and gender of the Christian Counselor in the relationship between religious coping and healing of traumatized Christians.

4.     To analyze the mediating role of social support on the healing of traumatized Christians.

5.     To determine the moderating role of Religious leader’s influence on the healing of traumatized Christians

6.     To analyze the impact of Resilience on the healing of traumatized Christians.

7.     To assess the prevalence of trauma severity among traumatized Christians.

8.     To assess the prevalence and nature of trauma experienced by traumatized Christians.

9.     To explore Religions beliefs and practices that may influence the impact of Christians Counseling on the healing of traumatized Christians.


1.4  Research Questions and Hypotheses

1.4.1      Research Questions

In pursuit of the research objectives, this dissertation will address the following research questions:

1.     What is the relationship between Christian Counseling and the healing of traumatized Christians, as measured by a decrease in symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

2.     Is the duration of Christian Counseling associated with a greater decrease in PTSD symptoms?

3.     Is the age or gender of the Christian Counselor associated with a greater decrease in PTSD symptoms?

4.     Does social support mediate the relationship between Christian Counseling and a decrease in PTSD symptoms?

5.     Is the religious leader's influence a moderator of the relationship between Christian Counseling and a decrease in PTSD symptoms?

6.     Is resilience a mediator of the relationship between Christian Counseling and a decrease in PTSD symptoms?

7.     What is the prevalence of trauma severity among traumatized Christians?

8.     What is the prevalence and nature of trauma experienced by traumatized Christians?

9.     What religious beliefs and practices may influence the impact of Christian Counseling on the healing of traumatized Christians?

1.4.2      Research Hypotheses

The following hypotheses are formulated toward this research using null and alternate hypothesis style.

Hypothesis 1: Christian Counseling

H0: There is no significant relationship between Christian Counseling and healing of traumatized Christians in Northern Nigeria.

H1: There is a significant relationship between Christian Counseling and healing of traumatized Christians in Northern Nigeria.

Hypothesis 2: Social Support

H0: There is no significant relationship between social support and healing of traumatized Christians in Northern Nigeria.

H1: There is a significant relationship between social support and healing of traumatized Christians in Northern Nigeria.

Hypothesis 3:

H0: There is no significant relationship between Religious Leaders' influence and healing of traumatized Christians in Northern Nigeria.

H1: There is a significant relationship between Religious Leaders' influence and healing of traumatized Christians in Northern Nigeria.

Hypothesis 4:

H0: There is no significant relationship between Religious coping and the healing of traumatized Christians in Northern Nigeria.

H1: There is a significant relationship between Religious coping and the healing of traumatized Christians in Northern Nigeria

 

1.5  Significance of the Study

This study, addresses a notable research gap by investigating the effectiveness of Christian counseling in a unique and under explored context. Its findings have the potential to inform the development of culturally sensitive and tailored counseling interventions, leading to improved mental health and overall well-being for traumatized individuals in Northern Nigeria. In sum, this study contributes substantially to the advancement of trauma recovery efforts, both locally and Internationally.


1.6  Scope of the Study

This study, "An In-Depth Study of the Impact of Christian Counseling on the Healing of Traumatized Christians in Northern Nigeria," will primarily focus on examining the impact of Christian counseling interventions on the healing and recovery processes of conflict related traumatized Christians within selected regions of Northern Nigeria. The geographical scope will encompass specific areas affected by historical and ongoing socio-political and religious conflicts in Northern Nigeria.


1.7 Limitation of the Study

This study on the impact of Christian counseling on the healing of traumatized Christians in Northern Nigeria has several limitations. It may not be broadly applicable due to its narrow geographical and religious focus. Issues like sample size, selection bias, and limitations in measurement tools can affect the validity of the findings. Challenges related to cultural sensitivity, ethical considerations, and resource constraints also shape the study's constraints. Recognizing and addressing these limitations is crucial for a more accurate interpretation of the research's outcomes.


1.8 Definition of Operational Terms

1.     Anxiety: A state of uneasiness, fear, or apprehension often accompanied by physical symptoms like increased heart rate and restlessness.

2.     Christian Counseling: Christian counseling refers to a form of psychotherapy or psychological support that is rooted in Christian principles, theology, and values. It typically integrates biblical teachings, faith, and spirituality into the therapeutic process, aimed at addressing mental, emotional, and spiritual well-being.

3.     Christian: Pertaining to individuals, beliefs, or practices associated with Christianity, a monotheistic religion centered around the teachings of Jesus Christ.

4.     Communal Conflicts: Disputes or tensions between different communities or groups, often involving cultural, religious, or ethnic differences.

5.      Coping mechanism: Adaptive strategies and behaviors individuals employ to manage stress, adversity, or challenging situations.

6.     Counsel: The process of providing guidance, support, and advice, often in a therapeutic or counseling context.

7.     Counselor intervention: The professional guidance and support provided by a trained counselor to individuals experiencing psychological, emotional, or behavioral challenges.

8.     Cultural Sensitivity: Cultural sensitivity involves being aware of and respectful toward the cultural beliefs, values, and practices of the participants in the study. It ensures that the research is conducted in a culturally appropriate and respectful manner.

9.     Depression: A mental health condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in activities, affecting one's daily life and functioning.

10.  Framework: A conceptual structure or system that provides a basis for understanding, organizing, and addressing a particular issue or set of phenomena.

11. Healing: Healing, in the context of this study, pertains to the process of psychological and spiritual recovery experienced by traumatized Christians. It encompasses the alleviation of mental and emotional distress, the restoration of faith and spiritual well-being, and an improved overall quality of life.

12. Impact: The effect or influence that a particular factor, event, or intervention has on individuals, communities, or systems.

13. Integration: The process of combining or coordinating different elements to create a cohesive and harmonious whole.

14.  Intervention tool: Strategies, techniques, or approaches used to address and modify behavior, emotions, or situations in a therapeutic or support context.

15.  Livelihoods: The means and methods by which individuals and communities secure the necessities of life, including income-generating activities.

16. Mediating role: The function of an intermediary factor or process that influences the relationship between two other variables or factors.

17. Muslim: Relating to individuals, beliefs, or practices associated with Islam, a monotheistic religion founded on the teachings of Prophet Muhammad.

18. Northern Nigeria: Northern Nigeria refers to the northern region of the country, characterized by its diverse cultural and religious landscape. It is home to a significant Christian population, where the study is conducted.

19.  Psychological trauma: The emotional and psychological response to a distressing event or series of events that overwhelms an individual's ability to cope.

20.  Psychological wounds: Emotional injuries that impact an individual's mental well-being and functioning.

21.  Religious conflicts: Disputes or tensions arising from differing religious beliefs, practices, or ideologies.

22.  Religious coping: The use of religious beliefs and practices as a means of coping with stress, adversity, or challenging life circumstances.

23.  Religious extremism: An extreme or radical interpretation and practice of religious beliefs, often leading to violent or intolerant actions.

24. Religious persecution: Systematic mistreatment or discrimination against individuals or groups based on their religious beliefs.

25. Resilience: The ability to bounce back and adapt positively in the face of adversity, trauma, or significant life challenges.

26. Social Isolation: The state of being disconnected or separated from social relationships and community involvement.

27. Social Support: The assistance, care, and emotional backing provided by family, friends, and social networks during times of need.

28.  Solace: Comfort or consolation in times of distress or sadness.

29. Spiritual beliefs: Personal convictions and faith-related principles that guide an individual's understanding of the spiritual or transcendent aspects of life.

30. Spiritual well-being: The sense of inner peace, purpose, and connection to a higher power or transcendent source.

31. Spiritual wounds: Emotional and psychological injuries related to a person's spiritual or religious experiences.

32. Stress management skills: Techniques and strategies to cope with and alleviate stress, promoting mental well-being.

33. Sustainability: The capacity to maintain or endure a process or state over the long term, often applied in environmental, social, or economic contexts.

34. Terrorism: Deliberate acts of violence intended to create fear, often for political, religious, or ideological purposes.

35. Trauma recovery efforts: Initiatives and interventions aimed at supporting individuals in their journey to heal and overcome the effects of trauma.

36. Trauma Severity: The extent and intensity of the psychological and emotional impact of a traumatic event on an individual.

37. Trauma survivors: Individuals who have experienced and endured traumatic events, demonstrating resilience and coping strategies to navigate life afterward.

38. Trauma: A psychological and emotional response to an event or series of events that are distressing or harmful, often leading to long-lasting negative effects on an individual's mental well-being and functioning.

39. Traumatized Christians: Traumatized Christians are individuals who have experienced significant psychological distress, often as a result of adverse events or circumstances, while identifying as followers of the Christian faith. Trauma can manifest in various forms, including emotional, psychological, or spiritual distress.



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