ABSTRACT
The purpose of the study was to examine
the indices of sports participation as predictor of non-involvement in cultism
among students of Lagos State University. A total of two hundred (200)
respondents were selected from five faculties. Which was analyzed using a
descriptive statistics of percentage, frequency and inferential statistics of
chi-square at 0.05 level of significance. A self-structured questionnaire was
also used for the study.
Three hypotheses were postulated and all
were rejected. The findings revealed the following:
1. Availability
of sports facilities was significantly predicted as non-involvement in cultism
among students of Lagos State University.
2. Scheduling
of sports activities was significantly predicted as non-involvement in cultism
among students of Lagos State University.
3. The
influence of peer group was significantly predicted as non-involvement in
cultism among students of Lagos State University.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title
page i
Certification ii
Dedication
iii
Acknowledgment
iv
Abstract
v
Table
of content vi
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background
of the study 1
Statement of the problem 4
Purpose of the study 5
Research
questions 6
Research
hypotheses 6
Significance
of the study 7
Delimitations
of the study 7
Limitation
of the study 8
Operational definition of terms 8
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE
REVIEW
Historical
development of cultism 9
Concept
of sport 14
Concept
of cultism 16
Types
of sport 19
Importance
of sports 21
Provision
of facilities and equipment 23
Sport
facilities problem and solutions 25
How
can we develop sport facilities 29
How
to eradicate cultism activities in school 32
Use
of sports to curb cultism activities 35
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
Research
design 44
Population 44
Sample
and sampling techniques 45
Instrumentation 45
Validity
and reliability of the instrument 45
Procedure
for data collection 46
Procedure
of data analysis 46
CHAPTER
FOUR
PRESENTATION
OF FINDINGS
Data
presentation 47
Data
analysis / hypothesis testing/ discussion 50
CHAPTER
FIVE
SUMMARY,
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary 56
Conclusions 57
Recommendations 57
References 59
Questionnaire 65
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background
to the Study
One
major culture that has the capacity of developing the mind and body of the
Nigerian students is sports. Sports does not exists in a vacuum; it is part of
total educational program of a nation, which involves local and state systems,
regional councils and international organization, sports without mining words
has developed to become a socio-economic, political, cultural and religious
weapon through which many nations seek to
rule the world. Gert (1995) agrees to this fact by stating categorically
that sports has been used by nation of low recognition to improve their global
image and project their national status to recognition.
Sports
also act as a kind of badge for social exclusivity and cultural distinctiveness
for the dominant classes, it operates a means of control or containment of the
working or popular classes; it is represented as a source of escape and
mobility for talented class of performers. It articulates the fractional status
distinctions that exist within the ranks of large class grouping (Sugden and Tomlinson, 2000).(Eitzen 2009)
also sees sports as that which can bring
people together by giving them a sense of personal identify, as well as
feelings of group membership and social identification.
Awosika
(2000) postulated that sports has been found to be an instrument of
practriotism individuals especially in a multi-national agency. Also,
researches have shown that participation in sports has positive correlation
with academic achievement (Durcan, 2000).
Olajide
(2003) stated that sports participation represents an integral part of total
physical education programme, which mostly evolves from the intra-mural and
extra-mural programmes. It is designed for students and it serves as an
extension of the instruction programme by giving students with opportunity to
practicalise what they have learnt in the classroom e.g morals and theories of
games. It provides students with opportunities that will be conducive for their
health and physical fitness. It motivates student’s participation in sports
skills at their own level. It provides a forum or avenue to share common
interest. It encourages the process of psychological meaning or self-confidence
so important to the adolescent.
The
concept of a “cult” as defined by Homby, (2001) is a small group of people who
have extreme religious beliefs and who are not part of any established
religion. Akanni (1999) postulated that a “Cult” could be said to emanate from great
and or idea. This could be manifested in ritual, praised songs, chants and
worship.
Omoluabi
(1999) opined that against the background of the nature of campuses, the
theories and functions of groups, the formation of all kinds of groups in
campuses is inevitable. The so-called campus cults or secret society are groups
of students who have un-orthodox social practices. The groups that have
pirates, Buccaneer, Black axe, Black beret, Eiye confraternity, Mafioso and
Daughters of Jezebel. The group’s characteristics are: holding meetings at
unusually times and in unusual places, wearing weird customers, singing
outrageous songs, adopting outlandish nicknames, love of rituals and poor
personal adjustment, magical activities and low self-esteem.
However,
as it has been postulated above that cultism and the violence associated with
it are inevitable phenomena on campuses, the realization that group behavior of
the individual member of the group further confirms that inevitability. Arising
from this background, the purpose of this study is to appraise indices of
sports participation as predictors of non-involvement in cultism among students
of Lagos State University.
Statement of the Problem
In
the recent past, sports and provided a forum for unity and social interaction
through the participation of fellow country men and women representing the
country in some events such as track and field, football, and tennis. However,
these participants are majorly from other works of life except academics. It
has been noted that for instance the contingent i.e presenting Nigeria in 1989
under 20 World cup, only multi Adepoju happened to be an undergraduate from
university of Ibadan.
To
this end, if samples will be taking it will be discovered that just a fraction
or a small percentage of students participate in sports to the point of
representing the country in both National
and International events. Showing the lack of interest or encouragement
post by stunts towards sporting activities. This research therefore aims at looking closely into the
cases, causes consequences and panacea which will provide modalities for
institutions of higher learning to
integrate sporting activities into the educational system thereby encouraging a
lot of undergraduates or students from various facilities to explore their talents.
Purpose of the Study
The
purpose of the study will be:
1. Looking
at the availability of sports facilities
as predictors of non-involvement in cultism among students of Lagos
State University.
2. Finding
out how scheduling of sports activities should be furthermore intensified in
order to encourage continuous participation in sports among students of Lagos
State University.
3. To
how whether the influence of peer group will predict their non-involvement in
cultism among students of Lagos State University
Research Questions
The following research questions will be raised in
the course of the study:
1. Will
availability of sports facilities significantly predict non-involvement in
cultism among students of Lagos State University.
2. Will
scheduling of sports activities significantly predict non-involvement in
cultism among students of Lagos State University
3. Will
the influence of peer group significantly predict non-involvement in cultism
among students of Lagos State University.
Research
Hypotheses
1. Availability
of sports facilities will not significantly predict non-involvement in cultism
among students of Lagos State University.
2. Scheduling
of sports activities will not significantly predict non-involvement in cultism
among students of Lagos State University.
3. The
influence of peer group will not predict cultism among students of Lagos State
University.
Significance of the Study
The
study when fully completed will be immense contributions to the development of sports in tertiary institutions
in the following ways:
1. It
will upgrade the university to sustain student’s interest regarding sports.
2. The
university programme will be redesigned so as to create a meaningful and
adequate time for students during which they could take part in sporting
activities.
3. It
will also suggest vital techniques to be adopted by the university authority in
predicting sports participation among students of Lagos State University.
Delimitations of the Study
1. This
research work is delimited to five (5) selected faculties in Lagos State
University. These are:
(i)
Faculty of Sciences
(ii)
Faculty of Social Science
(iii)
Faculty of Management Science
(iv)
Faculty of Education
(v)
Faculty of Art
2. A
total of 200 participants will be used
as sample for the study.
Limitations of the Study
The
following are limitations envisaged in the study and they are:
1. The
reluctance of respondents in taking part of the study
2. Responses
bias from the respondents, which may affect the validity of the study.
Operational Definition of Terms
1. Indices:
A sign or measure that can be judged.
2. Sports:
An organized competitive activity involving physical effort and skill.
3. Predictor:
state that an event will happen in the
future
4. Non-involvement:
Act of not giving a lot of time and attention.
5. Cult:
A way of life, an attitude, an idea that has become very popular
Login To Comment