ABSTRACT
The study attempts to x-ray the issue
of terrorism and its implications for global peace and security, particularly Africa which is the sphere of our concern in this 21st
century. The study explored the extent to which the continent of Africa is affected by the scourge of terrorism as a
result of the perennial economic underdevelopment and endemic conflict which
serves as a facilitating environment for terrorism.
The study argued that although
terrorism is not a new phenomenon, but the internationalization of terrorist
acts, particularly with the event of September 11, 2001 which came to be
acknowledged as a watershed phenomenon in global security never occurred in
isolation of, nor do these events reflect a sudden new threat but a symbolic
re-affirmation of a trend that have been evident for several years.
Therefore in addressing global
terrorism, it should transcend the counter terrorist measures being adopted by America
and its allies to adequately capture what Abdullahi Wade, Senegalese President
called "African initiative". By this, Africa
can place its security issues in the wider context of global security. Moreso,
considering the fact that in the continent, there are countries (Africa countries) that belong to the world Arab
community.
A fresh opportunity for Africa to assert its stance in this nascent world order
is therefore very important.
TABLE OF CONTENT
PAGES
Title Page I
Certification Ii
Dedication Iii
Acknowledgement Iv
Abstract V
Table of Content Vi
CHAPTER
ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Statement
of the Problem 2
1.3 Research
Propositions 3
1.4 Objectives
of Study 3
1.5 Significance
of the Study 4
1.6 Research
Methodology 4
1.7 Limitations
of the Study 5
1.8 Theoretical
Framework 5
End Notes 7
CHAPTER
TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Literature
Review 8
2.1 Conceptualization
of Terrorism 8
2.2 War
on Terrorism 14
2.3 Global
Security 18
Endnotes 28
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 The
Evolution of Terrorism 30
3.1 Recent
Evolution of Terrorism 32
3.2
The Trend and Development of Terrorism In Africa 34
End Notes 41
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0 Terrorism and Global Security:
Implication for Africa in the
21st Century 42
4.1 Africa:
A Facilitating Environment for Terrorism 43
4.2 Implication
of Global Terrorism on Africa 47
4.3 Bounding
Terrorism in Africa 53
4.4
The
Future of Terrorism And Africa's Security 60
References 62
CHAPTER
FIVE
SUMMARY,
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary 63
5.2 Conclusion
65
End Notes 67
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The recent threat to global security in
the 21 century continues to generate a major discourse between the state and
non-state actors in the international community. This discourse came to a
crescendo particularly with the unprecedented attack on one of the powerful
nations of the world, pulling down the twin towers (World Trade Centre and the
Pentagon in the United
States of America).
Essentially this global threat to peace
and security in the world is the manifestation of terrorist network, based upon
an intolerant ideology whose advocates are willing to die for their cause
through weapons of mass destruction. The attendant reactions to the wide spread
insecurity occasioned-by terrorism, most especially as it affects America, however led to the conviction of America and the
rest of the world in declaring a "war against terrorism of global reach
".
However, the nature and parameters of
the global war on terrorism, remains frustratingly unclear. The extent of
postulating rogue states, weapons of mass destruction proliferators, terrorist
organization and terrorism itself-in the general context of the war on
terrorism and their conflation as a general threat, thus exposing the globe to
an open-ended and unnecessary conflict with states and non-state entities that pose
no direct or imminent threat to terrorism.
Although the events of September 11,
2001 have come to be acknowledged as a watershed in international concern with
the issue of terrorism, it symbolizes a reaffirmation of a trend that had been
evident for several years. Where terror had previously been an uncomfortable adjunct
to anarchism, liberation wars, counter insurgency campaigns and the general
level of socio-political and economic injustice in the world.
As it were, most contemporary writing
on terrorism focuses on international terrorism and its implication for Africa. In fact by any objective standard, Africa is the continent most afflicted by terrorism,
albeit not yet by international terrorism (Jakkie Cilliers 2003: 93). The US
State department's patterns of global terrorism is indicative of this claims
that although from a very low base with only 6 percent of international
terrorist incidents committed on African soil between 1990 and 2002, but the
situation poses a new dimension when evaluating the costs of international
terrorism in terms of human casualties which presents a different and more
alarming picture. Africa recorded 6,177 casualties from 269 acts of
international terrorism during the same period, second to Asia
in terms of continental casualties; with 1998 as the year with the highest
number (5379) due to the bombing in Kenya
and Tanzania
(Botha 2003, 5-6).
To confine the debate in Africa to statistics that seek to calculate instance of
international terrorism would however, do a terrible injustice to Africans.
Terrorism is wide spread, but overwhelmingly of a state nature that kills,
maims and affects millions of people in Africa.
Thus as African countries are in support of global war on terrorism, the
continent is becoming a zone vulnerable to attack by the terrorist network.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The implication of terrorism to global
security is becoming obvious At the surface it remains the calculated use of unlawful
violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear As terrorism evolves
into the principal irregular warfare strategy of the 21 St Century, its
domestic roots is originally fuelled and driven by domestic injustices In view
of this, the research work shall endeavour to understand the rationale for the
rising wave of terrorism in the world and the implication of this for global
security and the net outcome of that on the continent of Africa.
1.3 RESEARCH PROPOSITIONS
The following hypotheses formulated
shall be tested with a view to validating them.
·
That
the increasing trend of terrorism will have a precarious effect for Africa.
·
That
the internationalization of terrorism has implication for global peace and
security.
·
That
the current global war on terrorism is riot the panacea for eradicating
terrorism.
·
That
the increasing rate of terrorism is as a result of global social-political and
economic injustices.
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
The objectives of the study shall among
other things constitute the following:
·
To
portray the genesis of terrorism, particularly in Africa.
·
To
examine the implication of terrorism for Africa
in this 21st century.
·
To
appraise, methodologies of combating terrorism.
·
To
projects the social cost and net effect of international terrorism to global
peace and security.
·
To
discern terrorism as a result of global socio-political and economic injustice.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
Giving the pervasiveness of the global
terrorism on Africa, the focus of this
research work should therefore go beyond the mundane, and appreciate extensive
underpinnings. In view of this, the significance of the study shall be premised
on the following:
v To be able to search for methodologies
towards finding lasting solution to the menace of global terrorism.
v To be able to delegitimize and
ultimately eradicate the phenomenon of terrorism.
v To be able to consider the possibility of
reducing the implication of terrorism on Africa.
v To be able to readdress the current
approach to eradicating terrorism.
v To also consciously look into the global
socio-political and economic injustices which bred terrorism.
1.6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The research methodology shall be based
on secondary method of data collection, which shall revolve round obtaining
data from official publications which includes national. dailies, text books,
journals, library materials. The form of research shall also be historical,
descriptive and analytical.
1.7 LIMITATION OF STUDY
The study shall be limited and would
revolve round the issue of terrorism and global security, particularly its
implication for Africa in the 21st century. However, the unbridled nature and
parameters of international terrorism will no doubt require us to reflect on
some fundamental issues that are related to the discourse on terrorism and
global security. This is perhaps due to the derivative nature of global
terrorism.
1.8 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Most of the major theories of terrorism
are derived from theories of collective violence in the field of political science.
It can be safely said that political science had a monopoly over theories of
terrorism, followed by perhaps the discipline of religion, economy, social,
psychological and theories of criminology which certainly are relevant in understanding
the context of terrorism.
In view of this, it is however
necessary to canvass for a more holistic and theoretical framework for this
type of research work. Therefore this research work shall adopt "The
theory of Anarchism as a theoretical framework for terrorism and global
security".
Terrorism is definitely not a form of
governance, but anarchy. Most anarchists reject terrorism in its vanguard
varieties (for nationalist or religious purposes) but in a theoretical sense,
anarchism justifies terrorism as a form of criminal action that attacks the
values of an organized, complacent society. As a theory, anarchism holds a
unique place in history because it was the first revolutionary movement to come
up with systematic ideas about the purpose of agitation. Some. of these ideas
are terrorist tactics. The proponents of anarchism are Proudhon, Mikhail
Bakunin Carlo Piscean Karl Heinzen etc.
Their central thrust is that
murder-suicide constituted the highest form of agitations are revolutionary
struggle. That is why they advocated the use of weapon of mass destruction,
subversive publications whose targets are innocent people as well as institutions.
(Ronald Bemer 2001: Pages 1 - 3). The relation of this to the research work is
the fact that, though anarchism is a form of government, but it is couched in a
movement, organized to use the methods identified above to get themselves
liberalized. Thus the increasing rate of terrorism has been adjudged to be as a
result of the oppression and suppression of some group of people in the world,
which by implication occasioned the global socio - political; economic and
religious injustice. Therefore the need to be self - liberated by these
oppressed and suppressed people justified the murder - suicide method to
addressing these injustices as being witnessed by international terrorist
network. That is why the terrorist network will go to the extent of killing, maiming,
and bombing innocent people and institutions which will raise public outcry and
curiosity on the need to address the prevailing status quo as well as understanding
how much they are aggrieved through their devilish actions. This to them (the
terrorist) will not only promise social justice, but also protect diversity and
differences among people of the world (Ferrell Jeff 1999: page 3).
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