Abstract
The purpose of embarking on this
study was to provide a well-detailed account on the impact of digitization of
the Broadcasting Media in Nigeria. The study ascertained the level of media
digitization in Nigerian Television Authority, Enugu (NTA) in this Era of ICT
and internet operations. The researcher
used survey research design to enable her determine the sample size which is
150 through the appropriate statistical method to represent the population of
the study. Survey Research Method was employed in the collection of data
because it is easier to sought people’s opinion using questionnaire. Data
gathered from the study were analyzed and interpreted using simple percentage
and tables. Also summary of findings, conclusion and recommendations were made
on the study for future studies.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Contents Pages
Title Page i
Declaration ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables vi
Abstract vii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 6
1.3 Objective of the Study 6
1.4 Research Questions 7
1.5 Scope of the Study 7
1.6 Significance of the Study 7
1.7 Operational Definition of Terms 8
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Review of Concepts 9
2.2.1 The Concept of Digitization 9
2.2.2 The Concept of Broadcasting Media 13
2.3 Review of Related Studies 14
2.4 Theoretical Framework 15
2.5 Summary of Literature Review 16
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 17
3.2 Research Design 17
3.3 Population of Study 17
3.4 Sampling Technique/Sample Size 18
3.5 Description of Research Instrument 18
3.6 Validity/ Reliability of Data Gathering Instruments 18
3.7 Method of Data Collection 19
3.8 Method of Data Analysis 19
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION
4.1 Introduction 20
4.2 Data Presentation and Analysis Demographic Data 20
4.3 Discussion and Findings 31
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Introduction 33
5.2 Summary of Findings 33
5.3 Conclusion 33
5.4 Recommendations 34
5.5 Suggestion for Further Studies 35
References 36
Appendices 37
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LIST OF TABLES
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Table 4.1.1:
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Showing Questionnaire
Administration
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20
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Table 4.2.1:
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Sex Distribution of
Respondents
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20
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Table 4.2.3:
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Age Distribution of
Respondents
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21
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Table 4.2.4:
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Showing Educational Qualification of
Respondents
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21
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Table 4.2.5:
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Showing Marital Status of
Respondents
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22
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Table 4.2.6:
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showing Occupational Distribution of
Respondents
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22
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Table 4.2.7:
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Showing Response of those who have DVD Machine
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23
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Table 4.2.8:
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Showing
Response on difference between DVD Machine and VHS
Machine 23
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Table 4.2.9:
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Response of those who said
“Yes” to Question No VIII 24
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Table
4.2.10: Showing Response on whether DVD gives better audio visual Transmission 24
Table 4.2.11: Showing Response on whether Digital Television gives
higher Image quality than
analogue 25
Table
4.2.12: Response rate in differences in sound quality between digital television and analogue
Television 25
Table
4.2.13: Response rate of those who agree that NTA Enugu broadcasting station have computer
equipment. 26
Table
4.2.14: Response rate on the use of computer component i.e. flash drive in data gathering and processing 26
Table
4.2.15: Response for those who think Computer storage and retrieval system is faster 27
Table
4.2.16: Response rate on if Telephone (Mobile Phones) erased or improved information gathering? 27
Table
4.2.17: Response Rate on if the Operators of Gadgets are Computer Literate 28
Table
4.2.17: Response rate on if recruitment of computer literates and digital technologist promote success
in transmission. 28
Table
4.2.18: Response Rate on if digitization integrate the computer and television for improved
services 29
Table
4.2.19: Response Rate on if NTA Enugu Broadcasting Station have OB Van 29
Table
4.2.20: Response rate on those who agree that digital OB Van is less painstaking in terms of
operation than analogue equipment. 30
Table 4.2.21 Response rate on Internet reception in Nigeria. 30
Table
4.2.22: Response rate on the audio and visual quality of a Digital Television 31
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
of the Study
Unlike many other
inventions throughout history, the history of the television credits many
inventors instead of just one. In this case, there were many inventors working
on the idea of watching pictures on the screen.
The earliest proposal was in 1908, in a paper by A.A
Campbell-Swinton which postulated the use of Cathode rays. The First Practical
demonstrations of television, however, were developed using electromechanical
methods to scan, transmit, and reproduce image. As electronic camera and
display tubes were perfected, electromechanical television gave way to
all-electronic systems in nearly all applications.
The beginnings of mechanical television can be traced back to
the discovery of the photoconductivity of the element selenium by Willoughby by
Smith in 1873, the invention of a scanning disk by Paul Gottlieb Nipkow in 1884
and John Logie Baird’s demonstration of televised moving Images in 1926.
(Wikipedia, 2010).
A 23
year old German University student, Paul Nipkow proposed and patented the first
electromechanical television system in 1884. Although he never built a working
model of the system, variations of Nipkow’s spinning – disk “image rasterizer”
for television became exceedingly common, and remained in use until 1939.
ConstantinPerskyi coined the word television in a paper read to the
International Electricity Congress at the international world fair in Paris on
August 25, 1900. Perskyi’s paper reviewed the existing electromechanical
technologies, mentioning the work of Nipkow and others.
However,
it was not until 1907 that developments in amplification tube technology, by
Lee Deforest and Arthur Kom among others, made the design
practical. The first
demonstration of the instantaneous transmission of still Sillhoutte images was
by Georges Rigrioux and as a Fournier in Paris in 1909, using a rotating mirror
– drum as the scanner and a matrix of 64 selenium cells as the receiver.
In 1911, Boris Rosing and his student Vladimir Zworykin
created a television system that used a mechanical mirror – drum scanner to
transmit, in Zworykin’s words, “very crude images” over wires to the “Braun
Tube” (Cathode ray tube or “CRT”) in the receiver. Moving images were not
possible because, in the scanner, “the sensitivity was not enough and the
selenium cell was very laggy”. On March 25, 1925, Scottish Inventor John Logie
Baird gave the first public demonstration of televised silhouette images in
motion, at Selfridge’s Department store in London. AT & T’s bell Telephone
laboratories transmitted halftone still images of transparencies in May 1925.
On June 13 of that year, Charles Frances Jenkins transmitted the silhouette
image of a toy windmill in motion, over a distance of five miles from a naval
radio station in Maryland to his laboratory in Washington, using a lensed disk
scanner with a 48-line resolution.
However,
if Television is defined as the live transmission of moving images with
continuous tonal variation, Baird first achieved this privately on October 2,
1925. But strictly speaking Baird had not yet achieved moving images on October
2. His scanner worked at only five images, per second, below the threshold
required to give the illusion of motion usually defined as at least 12 images
per second. By January, he had improved the scan rate to 12.5 images per
second.
Television
Broadcasting in Nigeria started with the initiative of the first Western Region
premier Chief ObafemiAwolowo who on October 31, 1959 launched television
broadcasting at Ibadan the head quarters of the region. The Western Region went
into partnership with the Overseas Rediffusion Limited. The Western Nigerian
Radiovision services limited were created with the responsibility of radio and
television broadcasting under one management.
Nigeria
as the giant of Africa has to her credit, the first television outfit in
Africa, the Western Nigeria Television (WNTV) on NTA Ibadan. The emergence of
what is known today as Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) was borne out of the
sheer desire to cater for the crying needs of variegated audience in terms of
News gathering, packaging and transmission; this became the second oldest
station after (WNTV) resuming transmission on 1st October, 1960. The
Degree No 24 of 1977 caused all existing television stations in the country to
be taken over by the federal government and then led to a change of name to
Nigerian Television Authority
(NTA).
However,
television broadcasting in Nigeria since inception has been transmitting
through analogue television which use complete waves to transmit pictures and
sounds. The major drawback of this is that location plays an integral factor,
disabling, distorting images and audio on Television in rural areas (Kombol:
2008, P. 13). Over the years, television
transmission had grown from strength to strength. It moved from monochrome
(black and white) to colour transmission and today we talk of Digitization.
The
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) a United Nations Organization body
responsible for co-ordinating the use of Telecommunication among nations in its
17th plenipotentiary conference in Turkey, ratified a treaty
engendering the digitization of broadcast in every member state before 2015. In
consonance with the above Treaty and with the intent to beat this deadline, the
national Broadcasting Commission which is Nigeria’s broadcast regulatory body
gave an ultimatum to Nigeria broadcast firms to digitalize its operations
before 17 June 2012 or stand licence revocation. Three years ahead of the
global deadline, the date was however shifted because it is seen all over that
the broadcasting industry was not fully prepared for the digitization to kick
off. A new date was then issued by the Nigeria Broadcasting Commission where
Mr. YomiBolarinwa, Director General, national broadcasting commission announced
to the whole world that Nigeria will achieve the digitization of its broadcast
stations by June 17 2015.
It
is unarguable to state that to be in the leading position in today’s highly
technological and competitive media industry the world over, Nigeria must
strive to acquire and utilize state of-the-art information and communication
technologies in its daily news, programme transmission etc. Anything short of
this will spell doom for such media organization.
According
to Anaeto et al (2008, P. 6) Information Communication Technology has been the
converging platform for different word of media communication, information
machine and technologies and equipment i.e. Radio, Television, Computers,
satellites, Fibre optic Cables, phones, Facsimile machine etc. Consequently,
the acquisition, utilization and application of information communication
technology in media practice today makes the world activity less cumbersome,
faster and error proof. The foregoing views is in tender with realistic
scholarly position’ adopted by Maid (1996, P:13), who posits that new
information, communication technologies have revolutionized information
gathering, processing, storage, retrieval and transmission, making information
available even more widely, rapidly and less expensive. They do not only
gather, process and disseminate information, they can also arrange, marshall
and select information rapidly. Inspite of the above merits, the truth still
remains that acquisition and application of these advanced media, technologies
by media outfits in Nigeria especially the government owned stations in their
gathering, packaging and
transmission equipment is still
insufficient.
Indeed,
the recent survey carried out in a bid to ascertain the current state of
acquisition and utilization of ICT facilities by NTA Enugu Channel 8, which is
the study of this project, clearly depicts that the station has not fully
embraced this trend in the overall packaging and transmission of News and
programmes. Ibeh (2009), Deputy Director Engineering, NTA seems to agree with
the foregoing viewpoint when he stated that although the station has
technologies in the packaging and transmission of its news programme, yet such
sophisticated communication equipment are still inadequate. The above viewpoint
throws more light to challenges and hindrance of digitization of media
broadcast which is a progeny of information communication technology. It also
presupposes that inspite of the much – touted technological improvement, there
are still gaps in the media world especially in developing countries like
Nigeria.
1.2
Statement of the Problem
The National Broadcasting Commission (NBC) in
its annual stations on TV and radio broadcast in Nigeria, observed that most
private and public owned broadcast media outfit are yet to make digital
transmission part of their daily broadcasting and even those who are into it
are partially implementing it. This research intends to look at the impact of
the digitization of the Nigeria broadcasting media. The focus is on NTA Enugu.
1.3
Objectives of the Study
i.
To identify problems hindering the digitization
of broadcasting in Nigeria.
ii.
To evaluate the possible way of meeting these
challenges.
iii.
To understand the socio-economic advantages of
digitizing in the broadcasting industry.
1.4
Research Questions
The research questions involved in
this study were as follows:-
1.
To what extent is the digitization of TV
broadcast going to enhance audio visual transmission?
2.
How can Information and Communication Technology
equipment facilitate
digital broadcasting?
3.
Does Digital television have advantages over
Analogue broadcasting?
1.5
Scope of the Study
This study focuses on the challenges and
possibilities of digital broadcasting in Nigeria, using NTA Enugu Channel as
area of study
1.6 Significance
of the Study
This study is timely because it is on one of
the most current and prominent issues. Today, there is intense competition in
broadcasting industry all over the world.
Also, the study will be of immense benefit to Nigerians especially media
professionals as it focuses on providing possible sensitization on making
digitization a reality.
It is expected that this, will shade more
light on where and how media outfit will deliver quality services to the
satisfaction of the teaming audience.
Finally, students of mass communication will
also find the work useful as it touches on their area of specialization.
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