ABSTRACT
This study evaluates the identification and isolation of Escherichia coli and Salmonella from poultry feeds. The isolation and identification of salmonella and Escherichia coli is driven towards the extent to which the enteric organism Escherichia coli that is part of the normal flora and incidentally causes disease when some strains known as Avian Pathogenic E. coli (APEC) are able to establish themselves outside of the intestines and cause respiratory and systemic disease in poultry and species of Salmonella such as S. pullorum and S. gallinarium which commonly cause Pullorum disease and fowl typhoid in poultry when they ingest contaminated poultry feed. Poultry feeds; Starter, Finisher, Grower and Layer were sourced from different markets selling the afore mentioned feed from poultry feed companies; Top, Vital, Crown, Hendrix, Hybrid. All the feed samples were transported to Microbiology laboratory, Michael Okpara University, Umudike. They were cultured on Mc Conkey and Salmonella agar for 24hrs at 370C. Then, sub cultured to obtain a pure culture. Colony morphology, Gram staining and biochemical tests were used in the identification of the isolated test organisms, Salmonella and Escherichia coli. Salmonella was more prevalent in the samples as it was isolated from 13 samples with a percentage of 65% while, Escherichia coli was isolated from 7 samples with a percentage of 35%. The total coliform counts ranged from 0.31 x105 to 1.44 x105 cfu/g. From this study, it is necessary that proper precautionary measures should be taken during the production of poultry feed right from harvesting of feed raw materials to marketing of bagged feeds.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of
content v
List of tables ix
Abstract x
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
Introduction 1
1.1
Justification 3
1.2 Aims
and Objective of the Study 3
1.3 Limitation
of study 4
1.4 Hypothesis 4
1.5 Statement of Problem 4
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature
review 5
2.1 What is
poultry? 5
2.2 Poultry
housing system 5
2.2.1 Deep
litter 6
2.2.2 Cage system 6
2.2.3 Elevated cage system 8
2.2.4 General layout of poultry house 8
2.3 Poultry
feed 9
2.3.1 Types and
composition of poultry feeds 9
2.3.1.1 Cereal
grains 10
2.3.1.2
Protein meals 11
2.3.1.3 Fats and oils 13
2.3.1.4 Minerals and vitamins 14
2.4 Importance
of Poultry 15
2.4.1 Source of food 15
2.4.2
Industrial use 15
2.4.3 Source of
Income 16
2.4.4
Environmental and Ecological Balance 16
2.5 Diseases of
poultry 16
2.6 Incidence
of salmonella and Escherichia coli in poultry feed 18
2.6.1
Salmonella 18
2.6.1.1
Salmonella in poultry 18
2.6.1.2
Salmonella viability in poultry feed 19
2.6.2
Escherichia coli 20
2.6.2.1 Escherichia
coli in poultry 21
2.6.2.2
Escherichia coli viability in poultry feed 21
2.7 Effects of
bacterial contamination in poultry feeds; Health hazards to humans 22
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials
and methods 24
3.1 Materials 24
3.1.1
Collection of samples 24
3.1.2
Sterilization of materials 24
3.2 Methods 24
3.2.1
Preparation of culture media 24
3.2.2
Inoculation and Isolation 25
3.2.3 Colony
counts of isolated microorganisms 25
3.2.4 Gram
Staining 25
3.3 Biochemical
Test 26
3.3.1 Catalase test 26
3.3.2 Carbohydrate fermentation 26
3.3.3 Indole test 27
3.3.4 Methyl red test 27
3.3.5 Citrate utilization
test 28
3.3.6 Motility
test 28
3.3.7 Voges-
proskauer test 28
3.3.8 Oxidase 29
3.3.9 Coagulase
test 29
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Result 30
4.1
Identification of isolated bacteria 30
4.2 Percentage
occurrence of the isolated bacteria 30
4.3 Total
coliform count of the analysed sample 30
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion,
conclusion and recommendation 34
5.1 Discussion 34
5.2 Conclusion 35
5.3 Recommendation
36
References 37
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Pages
4.1 Identification of
isolated bacteria 31
4.2 Percentage occurrence
of the isolated bacteria 32
4.3 Total
coliform count of the analysed sample 33
CHAPTER 1
1.0
INTRODUCTION
The term poultry used in agriculture generally refers to all domesticated birds
kept for egg or meat production. These includes chickens (domestic fowls), Grallus
domestics, turkeys, ducks and geese. (Moreng et al, 2012)
This project will deal largely with
the chicken which are the most common domestic fowl. This specie of poultry is
adaptable and can survive in different environments therefore, they are widely
distributed in the world with great increase in population, their demand
especially as a protein source is popular (Obi 2003). The enforced demand for
foods of animal origin could be satisfied especially by the production of
poultry, as these products have seen the greatest increase in production in
recent years (FAO 2011; Speedy 2003; Delgado and Narrod 2002).
To meet the demand for animal protein
and its development, rapid multiplying ones becomes very necessary.
Poultry has so many advantages over other
domesticated animal whose production is very much hindered by lack of money,
high temperature, disease and lack of good at certain periods of the year.
Poultry feeds are food materials used
in raising poultry birds. Poultry feeds are food materials formulated to
contain all nutritional needs for proper growth, meat and egg production in
birds (Obi et al, 2007). Thus, there are various types of feeds depending on
what they are designed to achieve in the birds e.g. starters, growers,
finishers and layers (Fagbenro et al, 2000). The percentage of each ingredient
in the feed varies depending on the type of feed. The ingredients include;
ground yellow corn, ground oats or barley, Alfata meat, Fish meal, Oyster shell,
mangiest salt, vitamin A, vitamin D, and coccidiostat (which is given in form
and level recommended by the manufacturer). Peanut cake, cottonseed, and palm
kernel meal (World Poultry 2013).
The different percentage of each
ingredient varies depending on the kind of feed for example, ground yellow corn
in starter and grower feed is 25% and 22% in breeder and layer feeds. There
could be the same percentage of a particular ingredient in different feeds as
in the case of alfalfa meal which constitutes 10% in all the feed
types. Some ingredients could be absent in a particular feed but present
in the others as in the case of riboflavin supplement which is absent in
starter feed and present at the levels of 2 and 5% in rower, layer and breeder
feeds respectively. (Daghir. and Murtada 2017)
Poultry feeds can potentially become
contaminated with food borne pathogenic microorganisms during harvesting and
eventual marketing of the bagged feeds. Poultry feeds contaminated with
bacteria pathogenic to humans can contribute to human food borne illness
through the feed-poultry-food-human chain. (Heredia and García,2018)
The production of poultry feeds
requires microbiological safety regulations to escape microbial contamination
of the product. (Sule and Ilori 2017). Prominent among these microorganisms,
the bacteria Salmonella and Escherichia coli (E. coli) infections
of poultry have been shown to be of critical importance in Nigeria.
The isolation and identification of
salmonella and Escherichia coli is
driven towards
the extent to which the enteric organisms Salmonella that are part of the
normal flora and incidentally causes disease and pathogenic organism Escherichia coli affect the
poultry feeds.
Salmonella are spread from poultry to humans,
often through foods such as eggs and meat. Salmonella spp. causes an
intestinal infection in humans known as Salmonellosis (Barnes et al,2003). When an investigation of
survey of Salmonella serovars
in broilers and laying breeding reproducers in Eastern Algeria was conducted, (Ayachi
et al, 2010). One egg colonized with Salmonella could
contaminate all eggs and chicks during hatching (Bailey et al, 2016). Salmonella contamination of food products can
significantly reduce consumer demand and affect producer profits (Okoli et al,2006)
E. coli are one of other common microbial
floras of gastrointestinal tract of poultry (Jawetz et al,2004). Among the diseases, some are often severe and
sometimes lethal infections such as meningitis, endocarditis, urinary tract
infection, septicemia, epidemic diarrhoea of adults and children (Daini et al,2005) and yolk sac infection,
omphalitis, cellulitis, swollen head syndrome, coligranuloma and
colibacillosisn (Gross, 2004). Enteritis caused by E. coli (colibacilliosis)
is an important disease in the poultry industry because of increased mortality
and decreased performance (Barnes and Gross 2000).
1.1 Justification
This study has been justified by the
need and safety of consuming chicken (white meat) which has low cholesterol but
rich in protein than beef which has high cholesterol. Also, aside broilers
(Heavy chicks) from poultry farms, the layers (Egg producing Chicks) produce
eggs that contain not only protein but, various important vitamins and minerals.
The poultry (chicken) are rich in
protein and amino acid needed for growth. Livestock feeds are formulated to a
ratio for different species and classes of poultry. These are also feed
additive, which may be added to the feed to prevent disease or make animals
utilize feed better. Some ingredient concentrate is added to nourish the feed.
1.2 Aims and Objective of the Study
Therefore,
the objectives of the present study are; Investigate
(i)
The various importance of the poultry to
human and our industries.
(ii)
The isolation and identification E. coli
and Salmonella strains from different sources of poultry feeds.
(iii)
The prevalence and enumeration of E. coli
and Salmonella from different sources of poultry feeds and
(iv)
The causes of contamination of bacterial
load such as salmonella
and Escherichia coli in the poultry feeds and, its health hazard to the poultry
and eventually humans too.
(v)
Tangible
suggestions that would proffer solutions to help poultry farmers preserve and
handle their farms.
1.3 Limitation of study
This research work will be limited to
the available materials for carrying out experimental work and also due to cost
of transportation. This work will be limited to Abia State metropolis.
1.4 Hypothesis
HYP. I:- Salmonella and Escherichia coli are the major causes of bacterial
infection found in livestock (poultry) feeds.
HYP. II: - Salmonella is a pathogenic bacterium that affects the poultry
through their feeds.
HYP. III: - Escherichia coli is part of the normal flora
that incidentally cause diseases in poultry through their feeds.
1.5 Statement
of Problem
1. poultry feeds are infected during processing by handling, mixing of
ingredient and exposing the raw materials and furnished products to the
atmospheric microorganism.
2. Poultry (birds) are being infected through the consumption of the
contaminated feeds and possibly water
3. Also when the healthy and unhealthy birds are fed together from the some
feeding trough and water vessels, eventually the pathogenic and the enteric
organisms from infested ones may widely spread
5. Consumers (humans) get infected by the intake of contaminated uncooked and half-done
chicken.
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