Abstract
This study investigates the culinary tradition of grilled plantain and fish as a popular street food sold in Otuoke, Emeyal, and Imiringi, located within the Ogbia Local Government Area of Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Through ethnographic research and qualitative analysis, the research explores the cultural significance, preparation methods, consumption patterns, and economic dimensions of this local delicacy. Drawing upon interviews with vendors, consumers, and community members, as well as field observations and culinary documentation, the study provides a comprehensive understanding of the grilled plantain and fish phenomenon in the study area. It examines the role of this culinary tradition in local cuisine, social gatherings, and cultural celebrations, shedding light on its symbolic meaning and cultural significance within the community. Furthermore, the research delves into the intricacies of the preparation process, including sourcing ingredients, cooking techniques, flavor profiles, and presentation styles. It explores the diversity of recipes and variations practiced by different vendors and households, highlighting the fusion of traditional and modern culinary practices in the preparation of grilled plantain and fish. Moreover, the study analyzes the economic dynamics of the grilled plantain and fish industry, examining its role in providing livelihoods for local vendors and stimulating economic activity within the community. It investigates market trends, pricing strategies, and consumer preferences, offering insights into the commercial viability and sustainability of this culinary tradition. By documenting and analyzing the phenomenon of grilled plantain and fish in Otuoke, Emeyal, and Imiringi, this research contributes to our understanding of local food cultures, culinary practices, and socio-economic dynamics in Bayelsa State. It underscores the importance of preserving and promoting traditional culinary heritage while embracing innovation and adaptation in response to changing socio-cultural and economic contexts.
Keywords: Grilled Plantain, Fish Vendors Otuoke, Food Safety Ogbia Bayelsa, Street Food Emeyal, Nutritional Analysis Imiringi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Aim of the Study
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Problem Statement
1.5 Justification of the Study
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Grilled Plantain and Fish Recipe
2.2 Classification of Plantain
2.2.1 Taxonomic and Genomic Classification
2.2.2 Occurrence and Distribution
2.2.3 Morphology Habit
2.2.4 Phytochemistry
2.3 Heavy Metals
2.3.1 Sources of Heavy Metals
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Materials
3.1.1 Equipment and Apparatus
3.1.2 Chemicals and Reagents
3.2 Analysis of Heavy Metal (Grilled Plantain and Fish)
3.3 Sample Area
3.4 Sample Collection
3.5 Digestion of Grilled Plantain and Fish
3.6 Instrumental Analysis (Flame Atomic Absorption Analysis)
3.7 Standards
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS
4.0 RESULTS
4.1 Results
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Discussion
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Plantain belongs to the genus musaof the family musaceae. Nearly all edible plantain cultivars are derived from two wild species, Musa acuminate and Musa balbisiona(Robinson, 1996). Plantain is a staple crop and important dietary source of carbohydrate in Nigeria and in humid tropical zones of Africa, Asia and South America (Robinson, 1996). Plantain is rich in vitamins A, C and B groups as well as minerals such as calcium and iron. Plantain provides between 9% and 35% of the total calories in the diet of more than 14 million people in Sub-Sahara Africa (Robinson, 1996; Marriot and Lancaster, 1983).
Heavy metal is metallic element which is toxic and has high density, specific gravity or atomic weight. Examples of heavy metal includes lead, mercury, arsenic, zinc, cadmium etc. Less commonly, any metal with a potential negative health effect or environmental impact may be termed a heavy metal. Foods like roasted plantain are generally consumed for several purposes aimed at growth, development and maintenance of good health. The contamination of foods by metals such as cadmium, manganese, copper, lead, chromium, mercury, zinc and nickel in areas with high anthropogenic pressure is widespread and is a major determinant of food quality (Ejazulet al., 2007). Some of these contaminants especially the heavy metals, are cumulative poison that poses potential hazards and toxicity (Jarup, 2003;Ellen et al., 1990). The demand and supply of street foods is continually on the increase due to higher mobility status of people in the course of work. Therefore, this present work is aimed at determining concentration of heavy metals in roasted plantain sold along major road in Lagos State, south west, Nigeria and relating them to the permissible level as stipulated by Food and Agricultural Origination/ World Health Organization (FAO/WHO).
Man has always exhibited a unique survival instinct through his continuous affinity to search and discover foods (Marlowe, 2005). Food has been defined by Uwakwe and Ayalogu (1998) as any edible substance that provides the required nutrients necessary for the proper functioning of the body. It has also been described as any material that gives energy to the body, promotes growth, and repairs worn out cells when ingested, digested and assimilated (Okaka and Okaka, 2005; Olusanya, 2008; Amadi et al., 2013). Food, a basic necessity of life (Okaka and Okaka, 2001) exists in different types but can be firmly rooted on the customs and traditions of the people (Amadi et al.,2013). The basic food nutrients, derivable after the consumption of foods at different concentrations include proteins, carbohydrates, mineral, vitamins, lipids etc (Okaka and Okaka, 2001). Food is comprised of various chemicals that combine in various properties to provide color, flavor, shape and taste to foods. Previously, the popular conception from some researchers (Kyle and Cole, 2001; Amadi et al., 2011) was that the type of food consumed by a group, community, or locality, determines their nutritional status, but nowadays, the existence of quick food makes that idea a very debatable one. However, it is a clear fact especially in Nigeria that the agricultural output of a particular geographical location largely depends on some climatic factors and the vegetative zone, which thus influences the dietary status of the citizenry. Most African foods are peculiar cuisines utilized specifically by a group of people but can also be known with country and continental names like Nigerian foods and African foods (Cayot, 2007). Further, some foods can be attributed to a community, locality or ethnic group. Such foods are referred to as traditional foods. Traditional foods are ancient foods with ancestral heritage rooted on strong foundation of customs, culture and natural environment. They are foods with old historical background continuously evolving to retain the cutlery tradition of the people and to surmount the monotony in the diet (Vijayalakshmi et al., 2005). An obvious advantage of traditional foods is a wide rate of acceptance within the society. This advantageous attribute plays a key role when developing food products and during the establishment of nutritional programs. Further a good knowledge of the nutritive value of traditional foods helps to expand the consumption of these foods. Apart from the primary nutrients derivable from foods, studies have revealed the presence of non-nutritive chemicals with disease preventive and immune boosting properties. These chemicals are referred to as phytochemicals (Sofowora, 1980;Okaka and Okaka, 2001). At elevated levels, phytochemicals can act as antinutrients and become harmful to the human body. Duru et al. (2014) have observed that though natural and synthetic foods contain nutrients, the occurrence of phytochemicals is greater in natural foods.
Ogbia is a Local Government Area of Bayelsa State in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Its headquarters is in the town of Ogbia in the south of the area at 4o39’00’’N 6o16’00’’E. It has an area of 695 km2 and a population of 179,926. It is well known for its historic value to the today Nigerian state economy mainstay, i.e., its oil industry, being the local government area encompassing Oloibiri the first place oil was discovered on Sunday 15 January 1956. The postal code of the area is 562. Ogbia is also the name of a subgroup of the Ijaw nation. The Ogbia people, speak the Ogbia language, a unique Ijaw dialect. The Ogbia people who inhabit the Ogbia Local Government of Bayelsa, have close kinship and language ties with the Okoroma people of Nembe Local Government of Bayelsa; the Odual people of Abua/Odual Local Government of Rivers state; the Ogbogolo people of Ahoada in Rivers state (Nwajiaku, 2005). The present political headquarters of the Ogbia people, is Ogbia town; a town conceptualized and founded in 1972 by the Ogbia brotherhood. It also serves as the local government headquarters. The inhabitants of Ogbia land are mainly fishermen and farmers. Former Nigerian president Goodluck Ebele Jonathan was born in Otuoke, Ogbia. The first civilian governor of the old Rivers state, Chief Milford ObieneOkilo was also from Emakalakala in Ogbia. According Alagoa (2009) King Amakiri, the first king of modern Kalahari kingdom (1669-1757) came from Emakalakala in Ogbia.
Figure 3.2: Map of Ogbia Local Government Area Showing the Communities
(Source: Obirie, 2017)
1.2 Aim of the Study
The study is aimed at examining the heavy metal content of grilled plantain (musa paradisiaca) and fish recipe sold in Otuoke, Emeyal and Imiringi in Ogbia Local Government Area of Bayelsa State.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The aim of this study will be achieved through the following objectives:
a. Determining the level of the following heavy metals in grilled plantain and fish sold in Otuoke, Emeyal and Imiringi in Ogbia Local Government Area of Bayelsa State: Lead, Copper, Zinc, Cadmium, Mercury, Cobalt, and Nickel.
b. Comparing these values of metals with tolerable limits as prescribed standard by regulatory bodies like Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) and World Health Organization (WHO).
1.4 Problem Statement
The heavy metal contamination of food ultimately affects the health of residents of the region who eat these roadside ready-to-eat food especially for those who indiscriminately eat it on daily or regular basis. There is limited literature on the exact concentration of heavy metals in circulation in the air around the stand used for the grilling. Therefore, extensive study of the concentration and circulation of heavy metals in the grilled plantain and fish is important.
1.5 Justification of the Study
Owing to the level of exposure of roadside grilled plantain and fish to dust and other contaminants along the Otuoke, Emeyal and Imiringi road in Ogbia Local Government Area of Bayelsa State, this study became imperative to examine the heavy metal contained in grilled plantain (musa paradisiaca) sold along the Otuoke, Emeyal and Imiringi road in Ogbia Local Government Area of Bayelsa State.
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