Abstract
The use of instructional materials plays a crucial role in enhancing the teaching and learning process in Business Studies education. However, in many secondary schools in Ekeremor Local Government Area of Bayelsa State, there are several challenges that hinder the effective utilization of instructional materials in the classroom. This research project will delve deeper into these challenges by examining the availability and adequacy of instructional materials such as textbooks, visual aids, technological tools, and other resources used in teaching Business Studies. The study will also investigate the effectiveness of these materials in engaging students, facilitating understanding, and improving academic performance. Through surveys, interviews, and classroom observations, the research will gather data on the specific challenges faced by teachers, such as limited access to materials, outdated resources, lack of training on how to integrate instructional materials into lessons, and insufficient funding for acquiring new materials. Students' perspectives on the impact of instructional materials on their learning experiences will also be explored. By identifying these challenges, the research aims to provide recommendations for addressing the gaps in the availability and utilization of instructional materials in the teaching and learning of Business Studies in secondary schools in Ekeremor Local Government Area. The findings of this study will contribute to the improvement of teaching practices, curriculum development, and educational policies in the region, ultimately enhancing the quality of Business Studies education for students.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Purpose of the Study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Research Hypotheses
1.6 Scope of the Study
1.7 Significance of the Study
1.8 Operational Definition of Terms
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Theoretical Framework
2.2 Conceptual Review
2.3 Review of Related Empirical Studies
2.4 Summary of Reviewed Literature
CHAPTER THREE
METHODS
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Area of Study
3.3 Population of the Study
3.4 Sample and Sampling Techniques
3.5 Instrument for Data Collection
3.6 Validation of the Instrument
3.7 Reliability of the Instrument
3.8 Method of Data Collection
3.9 Method of Data Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
4.1 Results
4.2 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Suggestions for Further Study
5.4 Recommendations
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
Questionnaire
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Teaching at any level requires that the students be exposed to some form of stimulation such as the use of instructional materials like; Education radio, charts, chalkboards, maps, film strips and reliable materials. Adekunle (2018) noted that teaching resources in Business studies means anything that can assist the teacher in promoting teaching and learning, these are materials that teachers needs to incorporate in the teaching learning processes in order to help the students benefit maximally from the learning experiences. When the students are given the chance to learn through more sense than one, they can learn faster. The use of instructional materials provides the teacher with interesting and compelling platforms for conveying information since they motivate learners to learn more. Furthermore, the teacher is assisted in overcoming physical difficulties that will have hindered his effective presentation of a given topic. Larson (2010) quoted that the use of electronically mediated instruction to duplicate the traditional face- to-face classroom has resulted in a shift from teacher –to student- centered classes. In this situation the responsibility for learning is shifted to the students. The teacher facilitates the learning by acting as a coach, resource guide and companion in learning. The use of an instructional material does not only encourage teachers and students to work collaboratively but also results in more cooperative learning activities among the students.
The purpose of instructional materials is to promote efficiency of education by improving the quality of teaching and learning. Incorporating these tools and materials present support and reinforces teaching. According to Aduwa-Ogiegbaen and Imogie (2015) these materials and resources including audio tape recorders, video tape recorders, slide projectors, opaque projectors, overhead projectors, still pictures, programmed instruction, film strips, maps, charts, graphs, offer a variety of learning experiences individually or in combination to meet different teaching and learning experiences. These instructional materials could be of different forms which include; audio tape recorders, videotape recorders, slide projectors, opaque projectors, maps, film strips, charts, graphs, programmed instruction and many more. All these materials aid teaching and learning.
“In every school, whether at the primary, secondary or tertiary levels of education there are instructional materials that make it possible for schools to attain there desired goals, and when this instructional materials are not used as expected during lessons, due to the problems encountered during the use of instructional materials, the objectives will not be achieved” (Odo, 2010). These instructional materials are always limited and scarce, for the teaching of Business Studies, and this necessitates problems for the achievement of the set objectives of the subject, which cannot be achieved if the problems continues to linger, without been solved. Therefore, these problems of using instructional materials, such as the lack of fund, inadequate time for the use of instructional materials, lack of knowledge on the side of the teacher on how to operate the available instructional materials, should be tackled to the core, in order to inculcate in the students, the expected knowledge, about Business studies. (Odo, 2010).
The researcher is therefore conducting this research work as to finding the causes of the challenges in using instructional materials in teaching and learning business studies, in selected secondary schools in Ekeremor Local Government Area of Bayelsa state.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The major goal of using instructional materials in the teaching of Business Studies in secondary schools is to educate students to be able to confront problematic situations in the subject with confidence.
In order to make Business Studies teaching and learning meaningful and interesting, teachers need to employ a variety of instructional materials and teaching methods which Adeyemi (2010) states that they are indispensable for the study of Business Studies. He believes that the most appropriate learning takes place when the learner is in control and dominating session in the teaching –learning process.
The variety of instructional materials and methods used in the teaching of Business studies are not fully utilized and appropriately used, and these makes the teaching of Business Studies difficult and hard for the students to understand. When the available instructional materials are not properly utilized and well managed, they pose a lot of challenge to the teaching and learning of Business Studies. “The Challenges of using instructional materials, such as the lack of fund, inadequate time for the use of instructional materials, lack of knowledge on the side of the teacher on how to operate the available instructional materials, should be tackled to the core, in order to inculcate in the students, the expected knowledge, about Business studies.
In view of the above, it is important to study the challenges of using instructional materials in the teaching and learning of Business Studies in secondary schools in Ekeremor Local Government Area of Bayelsa State.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The main purpose of the study was to find out the challenges of using instructional materials in the teaching and learning of Business studies in selected secondary schools in Ekeremor Local Government Area of Bayelsa State. Specifically, the study was deigned to:-
- Find out the different instructional materials in use, in the teaching and learning of Business Studies in Ekeremor Local Government Area of Bayelsa State.
- To ascertain the most widely utilized instructional materials by classroom teachers in the teaching and learning of Business studies in secondary schools in Ekeremor Local Government Area of Bayelsa State?
- To find out the different challenges of using instructional materials in the teaching of Business studies in secondary schools in Ekeremor Local Government Area of Bayelsa State?
- To examine the remedies to the challenges of using instructional materials in the teaching and learning of Business Studies in secondary schools in Ekeremor Local Government Area of Bayelsa State.
1.4 Research Questions
The following research questions were formulated to guide the study at 0.05 level of significance.
- What are the instructional materials used in teaching Business Studies in secondary schools in Ekeremor Local Government Area of Bayelsa State?
- What are the most widely utilized instructional materials by classroom teachers in the teaching and learning of Business studies in secondary schools in Ekeremor Local Government Area of Bayelsa State?
- What are the different challenges of using instructional materials in the teaching and learning of Business studies in secondary schools in Ekeremor Local Government Area of Bayelsa State?
- What are the remedies of the challenges of using instructional materials in the teaching and learning of Business Studies in secondary schools in Ekeremor Local Government Area of Bayelsa State?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
In line with each of the research question, the following hypotheses were formulated and tested at the significant level of 0.05%.
- There is no significant difference in the use of instructional materials in teaching Business Studies in secondary schools in Ekeremor Local Government Area of Bayelsa State?
- There is no significant difference in the utilized of instructional materials by classroom teachers in the teaching and learning of Business studies in secondary schools in Ekeremor Local Government Area of Bayelsa State?
- There is no significant difference on challenges of using instructional materials in the teaching and learning of Business studies in secondary schools in Ekeremor Local Government Area of Bayelsa State?
- There is no significant difference on remedies of the challenges of using instructional materials in the teaching and learning of Business Studies in secondary schools in Ekeremor Local Government Area of Bayelsa State?
1.6 Scope of the Study
There are many secondary schools in Ekeremor Local Government Area Bayelsa of State.
The scope of the study is limited to eight (8) secondary schools in Ekeremor Local Government Area of state which were randomly selected. The scope of the study is on the problems of using instructional materials in the teaching and learning of business studies in secondary schools in Ekeremor Local Government Area of Bayelsa State. The schools of study had to be selected for a proper and a good research work.
1.7 Significance of the Study
The result of this research project will reveal to the teachers, students, and the government about the problems of using instructional materials. It will as well be of great significance owing to its quality and contribution.
The result of this research will also guide business studies teachers to effectively and efficiently use instructional materials and to know the challenges of using these materials.
When these challenges are tackled, it will help to stimulate the students’ mind and make them spirited, hence showing positive interest towards teaching and learning, if the materials are efficiently used.
Similarly, the result shall contribute as a source of material to researchers, educational administrators, and stakeholders and curriculum planners to update their knowledge of the causes and challenges of using instructional materials.
The result of the study will also enlighten the teachers about the different challenges encountered during the use of instructional materials in the process of teaching and learning of business studies.
1.8 Operational Definition of Terms
Instructional Materials: Instructional materials are the content or information conveyed within a course. These include the lectures, readings, , multimedia components, and other resources in a course.
Students: This is a primary person enrolled in a school or all other educational institution who attends business studies classes.
Dearth: Means lack, shortage or scarcity of something
Business Studies: Business studies, often simply called business, are a field of study that deals with the principles of business, management, and economics. It combines elements of accountancy, finance, marketing, organizational studies, human resource management, and operations.
Challenges: A challenges are demanding task or situation.
Secondary School: Secondary school, also known as high school, is the second formal stage in education and generally begins at ages 11-13 and ends at ages 15-18. It is the formal schooling given after primary (elementary) school and before college
Teaching: Teaching can be defined as engagement with learners to enable their understanding and application of knowledge, concepts and processes. It includes design, content selection, delivery, assessment and reflection.
Learning: Learning is the process of acquiring new understanding, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, attitudes, and preference. It is also “a process that leads to change, which occurs as a result of experience and increases the potential for improved performance and future learning
Public Secondary School: These are schools that are maintained, managed and funded by the government.
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