ABSTRACT
The
single wheel driven boom sprayer was developed, fabricated and evaluated for
its performance at the department of Agricultural and Bio-environmental
engineering workshop, Kwara state polytechnic, Ilorin. The spraying performance
was carried out at spraying height of 0.5m, 0.6m and 0.7m respectively. The
theoretical field capacity CT, the
effective field capacity CE and Field
efficiency (ŋ) at spraying height of 0.5m are 0.285ha/hr , 0.165ha/hr and 58%, while at
spraying height 0.6m, are 0.273ha/hr,
0.158ha/hr and 57.81% and at spraying
height 0.7m are 0.269ha/hr, 0.155ha/hr and
58.055% respectively.
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TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv Abstract v
Table of content vi-viii
List of Tables ix
List of Plates x
CHAPTER ONE
1 Introduction
1
1.2 Statement
of the problem 2
1.3 Objective
of the project 2
1.4 Justification
of the project 3
CHAPTER TWO
2 Literature review 4 2.1
Spraying operation 4 2.1.1 Spray materials 5 2.1.2 Classification of sprayers 6 2.2 Types of sprayer 9 2.3 Sprayer differences 10 2.3.1 Types of hydraulic sprayers 10 2.3.2 Types of low volume sprayers 12 2.4 Calibration and operation 13 2.5 Spraying technique 14 2.6
Factors affecting spraying 15 2.7 Spraying machinery 16
2.8 Types of pumps for spraying 20
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and methods 24 3.1 Factors to be considered in the
selection 24 of materials
3.2 Design
Considerations 24 3.3 Design and development of various 26
Components
3.3.1 Knapsack sprayer
26
3.3.2 The frame 26 3.3.3 Driving wheel 27 3.3.4 Crank mechanism 28 3.3.5 The boom 29
3.4 Specification
of the single wheel driven boom sprayer 30
3.5 Description
of the single wheel driven boom sprayer 31
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0 Performance Evaluation 32 4.1 Experimental procedure 32 4.2 Results 32
4.2 Results and Discussions 37
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Conclusion and recommendation 38
5.1 Conclusion 38
5.2 Recommendation 38
References 39
LIST OF
TABLES
TABLE TITLE
PAGE
4.2.1 Spraying
parameters at spraying height 0.5m 32
4.2.2 Spraying parameters at spraying height
0.6m 33
4.2.3 Spraying
parameters at spraying height 0.7m 34
4.2.4 Average
spraying data at spray height 0.5,0.6 35
and 0.7
LIST OF
PLATES
PLATES TITLE PAGE
2.1 Hydraulic
energy sprayers 6
2.2 Gasoline
energy sprayers 7
2.3 Centrifugal
energy sprayers 7
2.4 Roller
pump 20
2.5 Diaphragm
pump 21
2.6 Piston
pump 22
2.7 Turbine
pump 23
3.1 Knapsack
sprayer 26
3.2 The
Frame 27
3.3
The wheel 27
3.4 Maximum
and minimum displacement of piston pump 29
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
Introduction
Crop yield is reduced
by mainly due to attack of pest, diseases and weeds. Chemical control is the
popular method adopted for controlling most insects, weed and diseases. The chemical are applied either by spraying or
dusting. Spraying is one of the most
effective and efficient techniques for applying small volume of spray liquid to
protect crops. In conventional methods,
manually operated low and high volume hydraulic sprayer and power operated
hydraulic sprayer with long boom, long lances or spray gun are used to carry
fluid at different targets. In this
method, the time and labor required is more. It is difficult to spray the pesticide
uniformly and effectively throughout the crop by conventional method of
spraying. Though this method gives good
pest control, it consumes large volume of liquid per plant, great amount of
labour and time are required. Also drip
losses are more owing to concern towards protecting environment from pollution
by excessive use of pesticide and to economies the spraying method, suitable
alternative should be identified.
In Nigeria, diverse
farm mechanization scenario as in country due to varied size of the farm
holdings and socio economic disparities.
Most farmers in Nigeria are small and marginal land holder. The spraying operation is done by knapsack
sprayer which consumes more time and energy.
Tractor operated
sprayers are difficult for adaptation by the farmer due to existing cropping patterns
available for field size, field condition during the rainy season. To overcome these problem requirements for
better adapting in the view of a single wheel driven boom sprayer is a better
option due to its medium cost and small size implying maneuverability in the
small land holding.
Single wheel driven
boom sprayers can fulfill the mechanization gap to do spraying operation at the
faster rate. This shows there is an
urgent need to introduce mechanical sprayer in Nigeria farm. The single wheel driven boom sprayer should
be small for easy maneuverability and less expensive for farmers as best source
of spraying operation.
1.1
Statement of the problems The
back mounted knapsack sprayer is associated with the following problems
i. It
consumes more time and labor during spraying operation
ii. The output is low
iii. The uniformity and efficiency is inadequate
1.2 Objectives of the Project
The main objective of the
research is to design, develop and evaluate a boom for a Knapsack sprayer. The specific objectives for the research are:
I.
To design and fabricate a single
wheel driven boom sprayer.
II.
To evaluate the performance
of a single wheel driven boom sprayer.
1.3 Justifications of the Project
The justications of the
project are basically:
I.
To control the growth of
weeds not comporting with crop planted
II.
To reduce human labor for
controlling weed in the field
III.
To improve the quality and
quantity of the crop planted
IV.
To increase the income of
the farmers.
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