CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1Background of the Study

Engines oils are useful derivatives of crude oil or petroleum obtained through fractional distillation. Denser petroleum products are major lubricants in our engines and machines. Beside lubrication, engines oils also served as coolants. The high rate of cooling in engine system is a function of the specific heat capacity of the fluid and its viscosity. A substance with high specific heat capacity does not lose its internal energy completely even at unusual frozen temperature. In motor engine oil, the internal energy enables the engine to start faster because the heat lost by the engine is stored as an internal energy in the lubricating systems [“How car engine works) (October 2013)].

Moreover, According to Wrenic.etal (2005) in {Heat transfer properties of engine oil. Surface research, Linexa, KS.Pp1} Engine oil lubricate and mitigate wear, it importantly serves as a heat transfer fluid in engines. Oil thermal conductivity and specific heat are important parameters for engine cooling system design, and are a function of temperature .oils with a larger thermal conductivity value will transfer heat energy efficiently. Oils with a larger thermal conductivity value will have a smaller temperature rise for a given amount of heat energy absorption. The heat transfer properties of lubricant for law heat rejection (LHR) diesel engine are particularly important. The external oil cooler radiator will not be presences in proposed uncooled engines; the engines would be the sole heat transfer fluid. The viscosity of motor oils is graded in terms of the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) index number. This number depends on the viscosity of the oil. For instance, SAE 10 motor oil is less viscous than SAE 30 motor oil. However, viscosity depends on the temperature of the engine. At very law temperature, SAE 30 motor oil will be too thick as lubricants while at very high temperature, SAE10 motor oil will be too light to be used as lubricants. This effect is due to the specific heat capacities of the engines oils. In early days of the integrated circuit engines, there were only mono-grade oil such as SAE 20, SAE 30 and SAE 50. However, putting additives called viscosity index improver in to this oil, generated multi-grade oils. The viscosity index improver is flexible molecule which rolls up like a ball at law temperature and stretches out like string at high temperature. This allaws the oil to remain viscous at high temperature. Multi-grade oils are represented by two parts. The first part goes with ‘W’ which stands for viscosity glass at law temperature the winter of the oil. The second part is SAE glass at working temperature. For example, SAE 20w-50 means that the viscosities of the oil at lower temperature correspond to SAE 20w oil and the viscosity at high temperature correspond to SAE 50 oils. (G.corsico,L.Matteo,A.Roselli and C.Gommellins,Poly (internal Olefins)-synthetic lubricants and high-performance functional fluids, Marcel Dekker, 1999 chapter 2,p.53-62.

According to R.H. Schlosberg, etal. Aldrich, Lubrication Engineering, 2001,p21-26.  Conventional mono-grade motor oils tend to “boil off” in high temperatures loosing up to 25% of their original weight. This vaporized oil circulate poorly, reduce fuel efficiency and contributes to excessiveemision and engine wear. High performance synthetic 20-50w motor oils resist vaporization. Heat is a concept that deals with the study of the relative motion of fluid from one body to another due to temperature difference between two bodies. Hence, heat is a property that depends directly on the measure of kinetic energy of the particles making up thermodynamics system.

Specific heat capacity of motor oils refers to the heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of motor oils through one degree Celsius. It is the heat capacity per kilogram of the oil. Experimentally, heat received by motor oil is proportional to mass of oil and the thermodynamic temperature of the engine in which the motor oil is enclosed.

Cooling is the process of losing heat by a hot body to its surrounding or another body of lower temperature. Cooling leads to a fall in temperature. The rate at which a liquid cools depends on its mass, temperature, ambient air and the surface area of the liquid exposed. Engine oils are used as lubricant because of its viscosity the internal friction which exists between layers of the fluid in motion. Viscosity of the fluid is temperature dependent. It decreases with temperature as its molecule became loose and less tightly bound to one another. Engine oil becomes less viscous as it gets hotter and lubricates better. If the weather is cold, the engine maybe difficult to start because the oil becomes thickened. SAE 20w – 50 multigrade oils unlike mono grade oils are made to operate over a wide range of temperatures, so that the ambient conditions may not prominently influence the oils thermal states. Cooling rate broadly depends on the specific heat capacity of the fluid and its viscosity. The higher the cooling rate, the shorter the time it take for the oils to readjust its temperature between the upper and lower ranges of thermal states. Depending on which problems that one has to solve in the engine, one has to consider the specific heat capacity and the rate of cooling to see if they really fit the external and internal conditions of the engine used.

1.2 Aim and Objectives of the Study

This project is aimed to determine the specific heat capacity and the rate cooling of some sample engine oils in Nigeria.

The objectives of this project are:

1.      To determined which oils produced in Nigeria have the highest specific heat capacity that can be able to start easily and work faster.

2.      To determine the engine oils with higher cooling rates and that readily viscous and   lubricate better.

3.      To identify which type of engine oil is best for motor or motorcycle.

1.3       Statement of the Problem

This project is taken to identify the Nigerian engine oil of five different samplethat is associated with high heat content and higher cooling rates that good for our motors and motorcycles and also usually stored in the lubricating system as internal energy that quickens the starting of the engines at both higher and lower temperature extremities.

1.4       Scope of the study

This project is to determine the specific heat capacity and the rate of cooling of engine oil that are particularly produced in Nigeria for economic development which comprises five sample namely: sample A, sample B, sample C, sample D and sample E.

1.5       Limitation of the study

This project is limited to the few economical frequently used types of engine oil produced mainly in Nigeria by which five types of engine oil are chosen to be determined experimentally in the laboratory.

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