TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.2 AIM AND
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1.3 SCOPE AND
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
1.4 RESEARCH
JUSTIFICATION
CHAPTER TWO
2.0
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
2.2 PROPERTIES
OF KAOLIN
2.3 USES OF KAOLIN
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERALS
AND METHODS
3.1
DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREAS
3.2 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
3.3
LABORATORY ANALYSIS
3.3.1 WATER CONTENT DETERMINATION
3.3.2 BULK DENSITY DETERMINATION
3.3.3 SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATION
3.3.4
GRAIN SIZE ANALYSES
MECHANICAL METHODS (SIEVE ANALYSES).
3.3.6 ATTERBERG CONSISTENCY LIMIT
3.3.6.1 LIQUID LIMIT TEST
3.3.6.2 PLASTIC LIMIT
3.3.6.3 SHRINKAGE LIMIT
3.3.7. X-RAY DIFFRACTOGRAM.
3.8 X-RAY FLUORESCENCE
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 PROPERTIES OF KAOLIN SAMPLES
4.1 WATER CONTENT
4.2 BULK DENSITY
4.3 SPECIFIC GRAVITY
4.4 SIEVES ANALYSES
4.5 ATTERGERG LIMITS
4.6 X –RAY DIFFRACTION
4.6 X-RAY FLUORESCENCE
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSION
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Kaolin is a clay rock and part of the group
of industrial mineral with the chemical composition (Al2Si205
(OH)4.
It is a layered silicate mineral
with one tetrahedral sheet linked through oxygen atoms to one octahedral sheet alumina
i.e. structurally composed of silicate sheet (Si2O5)
bonded to aluminum oxide/hydroxide layer Al2 (OH)4 called
gibbsite layers and repeating layer of the mineral are hydrogen bonded together.
(Rost, 1992; Bish, 1993; Klein and Kuribut, 1993; Slivka, 2002).
Kaolin is a plastic raw
material, particular consisting of clay mineral kaolinite. In systematic mineralogy, Kaolin
ranks among phyllosilicates, which are stratified clay minerals formed by a net
of tetrahedral and octahedral layers. Phyllosillicates are classified into the
main groups according to the type of layers, inter-layer contents, charge of the
layers and chemical formulae. Besides kaolinite groups, serpentine, halloysite,
pyrofylite, mica and montmorillonite groups also rank among phylllosillicates.
Group of kaolinites includes di-octahedral mineral with two layers and one
silica (SiO4) tetrahedral layer and one aluminum (Al2(OH)4)
octahedral layer. The layers are bondecd together by sharing oxygen anion
between Al and Si together, these two layers are called platelets (Pauk,et al.,1962; Stejskal, 1971., Duda et
al., and Hurlbut, 1993).
Kaolinite share the same chemistry as
the mineral halloysite, dickeite and necrite.
The four minerals are polymorphs as they have the same chemistry but
different structures. All the minerals were derived from chemical alteration of
aluminum rich silicate minerals, such as feldspars. However, they could be
found as sedimentary deposits as well as hydrothermal alteration product of
rocks containing a high of alumino-silicate minerals.
Kaolin is formed under acidic conditions
through weathering or hydrothermal change of feldspars, and to a lower extent
also other weathered kaolin deposits, kaolin clay or may be a compound of
kaolinite, sandstones and olitic ironstones, and less frequently also of pegmatite and
hydrothermal deposit. The most significant kaolin deposits were formed through
intensive weathering of rock rich in feldspars (granite, arkoses, certain types
of ortho-gneisses and migmatites).
Millions of years ago,
original material was decomposed by weathering, giving rise to kaolin and
silica combined with higher or lower amounts of admixtures.(Bernard, el al; 1992).
1.2 AIM AND
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Aim of this study is to determine the
suitable industrial application of kaolin from location investigated.
To achieve the above stated aim,
the following objective will be carried out:
1.
Determination of mineralogical composition
of the kaolin deposits
2.
Determination of the
chemical/oxide composition of the deposits
3.
Determination of the physical and
engineering properties of the kaolin deposits.
1.3 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The purpose of this
project covers two deposits, the Kpankorogi and the Ijero-Ekiti kaolin
deposits. Samples were collected from each of the deposits for oxide analysis,
mineralogical composition as well as the determination of the engineering and
physical properties. The numbers of samples are limited due to cost constraint.
Samples are collected from each of the deposits for both the oxides and
mineralogical analyses. This particular study does not include reserve estimation,
but this is recommended for future workers.
1.4 RESEARCH JUSTIFICATION
Since Kaolin is
a widely used industrial material, determination of chemical composition,
mineralogical composition and engineering properties is very important. It
will enable the suitable industrial and economic applications of Kaolin.
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