ABSTRACT
This project aimed to design a spatial
database for managing traffic and emergency response services, addressing the
need for efficient routing and access to emergency facilities within the study
area. Utilizing a vector data model, all entities were identified, classified,
and spatial relationships were established. The analogue map imagery was
georeferenced and digitized using ARCGIS 9.3, while field survey data was
collected and updated with GPS technology to ensure data accuracy. A spatial
database was then created in ARCGIS 9.3, linking attribute tables with
geometric data to facilitate effective analysis. Through various spatial
operations, including spatial queries and route optimization, the project
successfully identified the most congested areas and mapped the closest
facilities for emergency response, thus achieving the project’s objectives.
Several critical recommendations emerged
from the study. To maintain real-time traffic data, a regularly updated digital
road network accessible online is advised, managed by reliable service
providers to support road users. Emergency management could be enhanced by
strategic hospital placement and optimized routing for ambulances, reducing
response times and minimizing resource wastage. As an oil-rich city, an
Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is proposed, incorporating traffic
monitoring tools such as plate number scanners, traffic reporting through GPS
and mobile apps, variable message signs, and parking guidance systems. Improved
driver training, investment in independent electricity for traffic lights, and
lessons from successful systems in the U.S. and Great Britain are also
recommended.
Establishing Traffic Control Centers
(TCCs) is crucial to monitor and disseminate real-time traffic information. These
centers would optimize traffic flow and safety by responding to conditions such
as roadworks, weather, and high-demand events. TCCs would provide strategic
network-level diversions and local routing to manage traffic effectively during
incidents. The study concludes that tackling traffic congestion in developing
regions requires leveraging advanced geoinformatics platforms, improving land
use efficiency, and adopting network characteristics that accommodate urban
growth, aiming for a sustainable solution to traffic challenges.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
1.2 STATEMENT
OF PROBLEM
1.3 AIM
OF THE STUDY
1.4 OBJECTIVES
OF THE STUDY
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE
OF STUDY
1.6 SCOPE
OF STUDY
1.7 STUDY
AREA
1.7.1 LOCATION
1.7.2 CLIMATE
1.7.3 GEOLOGY AND SOIL
1.7.4 VEGETATION
1.7.5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC
1.7.6 TRANSPORTATION AND ROAD NETWORK
CHAPTER
TWO
2.0 LITERATURE
REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR
TRANSPORTATION (GIS-T)
2.3 GIS FOR TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS
2.4 URBAN
TRANSPORTATION CONGESTION
2.5 EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT WITH GIS
CHAPTER
THREE
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
3.0 INTRODUCTION
3.1 DATABASE DESIGN AND CREATION
3.1.1 VIEW OF REALITY
3.1.2 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
3.1.3 LOGICAL DESIGN
3.2 DATA ACQUISITION
3.3 SYSTEM
SELECTION
3.3.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:
3.3.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:
3.4 PHYSICAL DESIGN
3.4.1 DATA DECLARATION
3.5 DATABASE CREATION
3.6 DATABASE MANAGEMENT
3.7 DATABASE INTEGRITY
3.8 DATABASE SECURITY
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0 PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 TESTING OF DATABASE
4.2.1 SINGLE CRITERIA QUERIES
4.2.1.1 QUERY FOR LOCATION OF MARKETS
4.2.1.2 QUERY FOR LOCATION OF BANKS
4.2.1.3 QUERY FOR LOCATION OF PHARMACY
4.2.1.4 QUERY FOR LOCATION OF HOSPITALS
4.3 NETWORK ANALYSIS
4.3.1 BEST
AND SHORTEST ROUTES
4.3.2 CLOSEST FACILITY
4.3.3 ALTERNATIVE ROUTES
CHAPTER
FIVE
5.0 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION
5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
5.3 CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
APPENDIX
1
APPENDIX
2
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study
The state of the traffic
system is influenced by travel demand and traffic supply characteristics.
Travel demand is defined by Roess et al. (1998) as the number of vehicles or
people that desire to travel past a point during a specified period. The main
traffic supply characteristic that influences traffic system performance is
capacity. Capacity is defined as the maximum number of vehicles or persons that
can reasonably be expected to be served in the given time period (Roess et al.,
1998). Also traffic management measures influence traffic system performance.
Traffic management in some cases enables a more effective use of the available
capacity (direct influence). Moreover, in some cases capacity is increased or
decreased or certain trips are stimulated or discouraged, for example by means
of road pricing (indirect influence).
Traffic congestion is a phenomenon that is
associated with urban environment all over the World (Atubi and Onokala, 2005d;
Ogunbodede, 2007). This is because we need transport to move from one place to
another, especially when trekking becomes inefficient. While traffic congestion
has been managed very well in some developed countries, it has continued to
defy solution in the developing world. The forecast of global traffic volume
(GTV) shows that time phenomena would double between 1990 and year 2020 and
again by 2050. This type of growth pattern, as envisaged by the end of year
2020 and 2050, is an indication of what the future congestion portends for the
people living in urban environment (Engwitch, 1992). Traffic congestion is a
condition on road networks that occurs as the use increases, and it is
characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, increased vehicular queuing,
the most common example is the physical use of roads by vehicles (Atubi and
Onokala, 2004a).Many urban centers in Nigeria suffer from inadequate facilities
that could ensure smooth urban movement. This is because the rapid growth of
cities anywhere in the world has impact not only for the landuse also for the
spatial expansion. The increase in commuting distance has impact on trip
attraction, fares paid by commuters and traffic build-up in some landuse areas
(Lamata, 2008; Shopade, 2010). The level of urbanization in the developing
world indicates that more people now live in cities than before. Cities with
one million people and above, according to the United Nations forecast
increased to over 300 by the year 2000 in the developing world. This trend will
continue because of the rapid growth in population, resulting from improvement
in health services and the multificarious functions performed by cities which
have been another major attractive force especially in Warri metropolis. The
situation as described above has its impact on traffic congestion in the cities
of developing world. Thus, the activities which take place in them, make them generators
and attractors of traffic, which of course has implications on mobility (Ogunsanya,
2002). Warri metropolishave been noted to be very busy with automobiles,
especially during the peak periods. During such peak periods, traffic noise
comes from vehicle engines, exhaust systems and horns. Busy urban roads
generatebetween 70-85 decibels of noise, depending on the characteristics of
the traffic, speedand type of road surface. The tolerance level of noise is put
at 66-68 decibels; meaningthat with 70-85 decibels, a significant number of
people are irritated and the negativeeffect of noise on health could be better
imagined (Ameyan, 1996; Atubi, 2006c).According to Odeleye (2001) the menace of
road traffic congestion across the globeseems to defy immediate solution and
like a dreadful monster it stares gallantly andridiculously at erudite urban
planners and administrators in industrial and developingcountries of the world.
Cities and their
transport systems are fully complementary. As defined by Rodrigueet al (2006),
cities are locations with a high level of accumulation and concentration of
economic activities, which form complex spatial structures that are supported
by transport systems. The transportation systems according to Berry and Horton
(1970) are the veins and arteries of urban areas linking together social and
functional zones.
Urban productivity is highly dependent on
the efficiency of its transport systems to move people and goods between
multiple origins and destinations. Thus, the most important transport problems
are often related to urban areas when transport systems, for a variety of
reasons, cannot satisfy the numerous requirements of urban mobility (Rodrigueet
al, 2006).
Emergency can be defined as a sudden serious dangerous event, situation
or occurrence that happens unexpectedly and requires an immediate response or
action to deal with it. Emergency can be caused by
natural events (e.g. hurricanes and tornados), accidents (e.g. motor, fire or
hazardous material spills), or intentional attack (e.g. terrorist bombings or armed robbery attack). An emergency situation requires a quick and
focused response as human life and property may be involved.
Emergency Management has to provide
powerful planning and control tools in order to support rescue operations. This
requires real-time traffic priority control based on reliable fleet management,
route planning and tracking of emergency vehicles. Unambiguous and time-optimal
route guidance is essential for this application. Emergency locating and
calling systems using automatic vehicle identification and generally available
mobile communications are to be given particular emphasis.
The provision of emergency services is an important responsibility of
various levels of government and a large number of departments (such as Federal
Road Safety Commission (FRSC), Fire and rescue, ambulance and policy, storm and
sanitary sewer department etc) in Nigeria. A significant operation for the
handling of emergency incidents is the routing of responding vehicles to
incident sites and then to the closest appropriate facilities such as
hospitals, ambulance station and fire stations. Developing emergency management
system using GIS requires up-to-date digital road database. This type of road
database provides direction, access to streets, and linear relation between
streets and point locations, such as accident location, hospitals, fire
stations, ambulance stations etc. GIS technology can support emergency
responders to provide efficient response in quick response time through solving
the routing problems. The whole idea is to draw together the
elements of integrated urban traffic management in a coherent way so that
common strategic understandings and technologies could be developed. This has
enabled effective and efficient progress to be made towards European-wide
system implementations to help solve current and developing urban traffic
problems.
This project will look at the concept of how to use GIS functionality
to create digital spatial database for road network in responding to traffic
congestion and emergency services in Warri and its environ. A network is any
system of interconnected linear features such as roads, railways, rivers,
water/gas pipelines and telephone/electric lines. Network analysis will help
users to take decision on the following which form the focus of this study.
-
Efficient travel routes
-
Quickest way to get somewhere
-
Quickest way to visit several locations
-
Which facility is closest
-
Which
hospital/Police station should respond to emergency situation
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
One of the most
significant urban transport problems is traffic congestion. It is experienced
when the supply of the urban transport networks can no longer meet the demand
for them. Today nearly all cities in both developed and developing countries
suffer from traffic congestion. It manifests itself predominantly in recurrent
queues, delays and time wastage which commuters experience along major networks
especially during rush hours. Due to incessant increase in population, increase
in household incomes and its resultant increase in the level of car usage
coupled with poor land-use planning, poor transport design and planning,
traffic congestion has become an intractable problem in urban centres in
Nigeria.
Lack of comprehensive emergency management
plan in Nigerian cities is the major cause of death and loss of properties in
many instances when disaster occurs. Many lives have been lost in the process
of emergency rescue due to lack of digital road network and lack of the
knowledge of best or alternative routes to the disaster point as well as the
emergency unit.
Traffic congestion is a major curse on
urban movements. It is a plague that has become an integral part of normal life
in almost all urban areas in the world. More seriously, traffic congestion
causes unpredictability in journey times, thereby making commuters in Warri to
plan for these problems by leaving home early just to avoid being late.
The problem of traffic congestion in urban
areas is worse at road intersections. Indeed, there is no other point on cities
roads that can be greatly congested as road intersections. As defined by O’Flaherty
(1997), intersections (where two or more roads meet), are points of vehicle
conflict. Similarly, Mchsaneet al (1998) noted that at no other location
within the street and highway systems are so many potential and actual
conflicts than at road intersections. This is because at intersections,
vehicular flows from several different approaches making either left-turn,
through and right-turn movements seek to occupy the same physical space at the
same time. In addition to these vehicular flows, pedestrians also seek to use
this space to cross the street and thereby worsening the already bad traffic
situation.
Someof the problems facing road traffic
system in Warri is the:
1.
Hastiness of bus drivers to complete as
many trips as they can in a day;
2.
The street trading habit along the major
road such as Warri-Sapele road, Jakpa road;
3.
Poor traffic control and management,
4.
Indiscriminate parking of active and
inactive vehicles along major roads.
In all states in Nigeria including Warri,
the rate of growth of vehicle ownership far outstrips the rate of growth of
road traffic officers/vehicle inspectors.
There
is need to involve a system whereby people can find the best or alternative
road to get to the hotel, market, for leisure and also police station and
hospital in an emergency situation. In
order to make better informed decisions during an emergency, there is need to
deploy GIS technologies in the management of traffic in Warri.
1.3 Aim of the Study
The aim of the project is to develop a GIS
based Traffic management system and Emergency Response Management system for
the improvement of transportation and emergency recovery through solving the
routing problems and accessibility to closest facilities.
1.4 Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study are:
1. Database
Design for the study area (Warri)
2. Acquisition
of Geometric and Attribute data of the study area.
3. Database
creation and linking attribute tables to geometric data.
4. Design a digital road network map.
5. Identifying
traffic congestion prone areas in the study area.
6. Determination
of the closest facilities in times of emergency.
7. Determination
of alternative route in times of emergency.
1.5 Significance of Study
The purpose and
significance of the study is to develop a traffic management system and an
emergency management system to locate the nearest emergency responder, such as
an ambulance, hospital, police station during an emergency, to suggest shortest
route from emergency spot to the recovery point, accessibility to closest
facility such as hospital and police station using network analysis and by
mapping and monitoring of road accidents for Warri using GIS application.
1.6 Scope of Study
The study involves
designing and creating relational database for geometric and attributes dataset
of the study area, geo-referencing and digitizing the Ikonos satellite imagery
of the area, generating digital road network map, manipulating and analyzing
the dataset as well as presenting the results in tables and map format.
1.7 Study Area
1.7.1 location
Warri is a major oil city in Delta
State, Nigeria, the city is located on
approximately latitude 5°31'N and 5°45'and longitude 5°45'E and 5°50', with a
population of over 300,000 people according to the national population figures
for 2006. The people of Warri are mainly the Urhobos, Isokos, Itsekiris, and
Ijaws, but other ethnic groups also live within the city. Warri is predominantly
Christian, as is most of Southern Nigeria.
Warri sits on the bank of the Niger Delta and has a
modern seaport which serves as the cargo transit point between the Niger River
and the Atlantic Ocean for import and export. The city's history dates back to
the 15th century, when it was visited by Portuguese missionaries. Subsequently
it served as the base for Portuguese and Dutch slave traders. Warri became a
more important port city during the late 19th century, when it became a centre
for the palm oil trade and other major items such as rubber, palm products,
cocoa, groundnuts, hides, and skins.
Warri was then established as a provincial
headquarters by the British in the early 20th century.There have been a
tremendous growth in the population; it has grown from being a rural area to an
urban area.
Demographics
Warri Metropolis has expanded due to infrastructural
development to include boundary towns such as Uvwie, Udu and Okpe in recent
years, with various road networks linking these places into one. Each of these
towns has its own administrative structure.
1.7.2 Climate
Warri is situated in the equatorial regions, between
5°and 10° north and south of the equator and has the equatorial hot, wet
climate. The outstanding feature of the climate of Warri is its uniformity of
temperature all year round. The mean monthly temperature is about 33°C (92°F)
with little variation. Warri has its hottest month with 36°C (96°F) in view of
this the relative humidity is consistently high, the atmospheric humidity is
about 90% which makes the wind moisture laden. Warri has an annual rainfall
which ranges from about 1524 millimeters to about 2699 millimeters and the
pattern of rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year, as there is no
month without rainfall.
1.7.3 Geology and Soil
Geologically, the rock types are recent sediment (post
cretaceous). The major soil types can be related to climatic factors,
vegetation, lithology and topography which gave birth to the hydromorphic soils
found in the area which is seasonally or permanently water logged. The
influence of poor drainage is reflected in the whitish or grayish colours due
to the reduction of the oxides in the soil. The extent of profile development
of the seasonally waterlogged soil is limited by the depth of the permanent
water table.
1.7.4 Vegetation
The vegetation found in the study area includes mangrove
and fresh water swamp forest. The mangrove forest is edaphic community common
on muddy coastal shores, tidal swamps and associated creeks and lagoons. The
environment of this forest formation is dominated mainly by changes in soil
factors, especially those associated with distance from the sea, frequency and
duration of subversion degree of salinity of sea water, soil aeration and soil
fertility. As these changes vary from place to place, a number of edaphic
communities are usually recognized as the peaty swamp, fresh water swamp,
riperia tide and mangrove forest. These are the reasons for the existence of
both mangrove and fresh water in the study.
The mangrove swamp appears essentially alike in its
physiognomy and its ecological relationship throughout its entire world range.
The flora consists of trees and shrubs. The dominant gums in all the area is
Rhizophora (red mangrove). Also associated with the study area are palm trees
and lianas in areas where the vegetation has been reduced to dense thickest
(secondary forest). Trees are slender with stilt root (Pneumatophores) but
however, where the forest has been disturbed raphia palm spread quickly to
dominate the entire valley swamp.
1.7.5 Socio-economic
Economy and
infrastructure
There
is a refinery located at (Ekpan,Uvwie LGA), near Warri with majority of
international and local oil companies operating in Nigeria having their
operational offices close by. One of the nations major sea ports is sited
within the city.
Warri
is garrisoned by the Amphibious Infantry battalion (Effurun Army Base) located
in Effurun, a nearby town to Warri and is administratively under the Brigade HQ
in Port Harcourt. There is also the
Warri Naval Base located along the bank of the Warri river.Warri has a
state-operated television and radio station (Delta Rainbow Television and Delta
State Radio) while Jeremi FM station (JFm), a private radio station also
operates within the city.
The economic base of the city lies in the presence of
a refinery and other oil and gas companies.
Also,there is the steel company, Delta Steel Company,
which is located in Ovwian–Aladja area of Udu. Delta Steel Company, this
company has been bought over by Global Steel Company.
The Beta Glass Plant is located nearby, outside the
town of Ughelli, where the land is rich in silica and silicates, raw materials
required for the manufacture of glass, ceramics and cement. The Power Holding
Company, one of Nigeria's power generating stations, is also located at
Ughelli, which is just 15 minutes away by car.
1.7.6 Transportation and Road network
Road
Road
transport activities involve the conveyance of passengers en-masse or in small
numbers, the transportation of animals, farm produce and merchandise and the
rendering of mobile services (clinics, libraries and banks). Roads allow
trucks to move goods from points of production, such as fields and factories,
directly to markets and shopping centers. Private individuals rely on roads for
safe and efficient automobile, motorcycle, and bicycle travel. Fire
departments, medical services, and other government agencies depend on an organized
system of roads to provide emergency services to the public in times of need.
Transportation within the city is mainly by bus and
motorcycle. Major road networks within Warri Metropolis has been improved upon
by the state government to improve the image of the city.
Urban streets, which cover cities, towns, and most suburbs,
allow vehicles to access properties such as homes and businesses. Urban streets
are used by private motor vehicles, public transportation, bicycle traffic, and
pedestrians. Urban streets also accommodate underground public-utility
facilities, such as electrical wiring, water and sewage pipes, and
telecommunications lines. In addition, these streets must often be built around
existing buildings and other barriers, such as parks and rivers. Rather than
shoulders, urban streets usually have raised edges called curbs, which provide
a barrier between the street and the adjoining property or sidewalk.
Urban streets are generally two-way paved roads that intersect
each other frequently, allowing a high degree of access but at slow speeds.
Traffic lights and signs help regulate the movement of vehicles along these
streets and control the access to some streets. Urban streets are usually
classified as one of three types: local, collector, and arterial. These
designations are based on the amount of traffic each type is designed to carry.
Most urban streets are
residential, or local, streets that allow vehicles to access public and private
property. Collector streets convey traffic from residential streets to larger
roads called arterials. Arterials are used to get quickly from one point to
another and can accommodate high volumes of traffic. In large cities, arterials
are often similar to highways in construction even though they are located within
city limits. The federal government has completed the Warri-Benin Road
Dualisation and is presently working on the Effurun-Port Harcourt Road
Dualisation East-West Project.
Other transportation systemsin operation in Warri metropolis
includes:
Air
Transport by air into the
city is through Osubi Airstrip (also known as Warri Airport) which is located
in Osubi, a nearby town.Arik Air and Aero Contractors are some of the main airlines
operating commercial flights on this route while major oil companies like Shell
and Chevron use the airport for transportation of their staff to offshore
locations.
Sea
Movement of goods by sea
is through the Nigerian Ports Authority (Delta Ports), which is mainly for
export and import of goods by major companies. Also located on the main Warri
riverside are markets and jetties used by local traders, which act as a transit
point for local transport and trade. There are local boats which are used for
movement from one location to another.
Click “DOWNLOAD NOW” below to get the complete Projects
FOR QUICK HELP CHAT WITH US NOW!
+(234) 0814 780 1594
Login To Comment