TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM:
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS:
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
1.8 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF ENUGU NORTH
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
1.9 PROBLEMS
HINDERING PRODUCTIVITY IN ENUGU NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA:
1.10 DEFINITION OF TERMS:
REFERENCES
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 DATA COLLECTION, PRESENTATION AND
ANALYSIS
2.1 DATA COLLECTION:
2.2 DATA PRESENTATION:
2.3 DATA ANALYSIS:
REFERENCES
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 RESEARCH
FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION:
3.1 RESEARCH FINDINGS:
3.2 RECOMMENDATIONS:
3.3 CONCLUSION:
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX: QUESTIONNAIRE
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:
Productivity is very vital for the
development of any country because it will help to improve the standard and
quality of life of the citizens.
The issue of low productivity by
public service workers have in recent time been a matter of great concern to
the nation.
Let us first of all define the term or
rather make an attempt to the definition of productivity.
Productivity simply means the rate or
efficiency of work especially in industrial production. Therefore, low productivity is simply the
slow rate and inefficiency of work in production. Increased productivity will help to improve
the conditions of the environment as well as enhance security. This is why David Ricado stated in his study
of population “that food needs to grow at a geometrical rate in order to meet
the demand of the growing population.
This emphasizes the need for increased productivity.
Yesufu T. M. (1962) was of the view
that productivity can be defined as the ratio between output and all the
resources used in production, i.e. capital, labour, raw materials etc. The problem of raising output is one of
making the most efficient use of all available resources.
With these definitions, one may ask – Why is the Nigerian Public
Service workers inherently characterized by low productivity inspite all
government’s efforts to improve productivity?
Increasing productivity is a way of
increasing the ability of people to do what they want to do as such that it can
provide the wherewithal for achieving a higher standard of living for those
suffering from low income and inversely boosting the prosperity of the overall
Nigerian economy.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM:
There have been concerned efforts by
the government and the organized private sector to enhance productivity in Nigeria. For instance, the Federal or State Government
organizes seminars and workshops aimed at making its personnel to increase
productivity. We also have the National
Productivity Centre and the Federal Government gives merit award to individuals
who have distinguished themselves in terms of being highly productive. But in spite of all the efforts being made,
the public sector is still experiencing low or decreasing productivity.
Especially in the Public Service
today, there is relatively low level of productivity as most of the personnel
are not putting in their best; some are idle, others come late to work and
still others are absent from work without permission. There is general laxity amongst workers who
believe that government work is nobody’s work.
Nigerians cannot withstand the
competition in the world market; this is also attributable to low productivity
especially in the public sectors. In
other countries, their level of technology is very high thereby enhancing their
level of productivity which puts them in a favourable position in international
market.
This study will therefore provide
answers to questions like – the causes of low productivity in the public sector
of the Nigerian economy using NEPA, Enugu North Local Government Area as the
case study.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:
In view of the fact that the issue of
low productivity has become a matter of great concern to the various sectors of
the Nigerian economy, against this backdrop, the objectives of this study are
aimed at finding out:
i. Why productivity is low in the public
sector
ii. The roles of motivation in productivity
iii. Also the management problems that causes
inefficiency and low productivity of workers.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS:
In pursuance of this study, the
following research questions were considered relevant. Though the research questions were formulated
based on the objectives of the study;
i. What are the ways or means through which
the management of NEPA motivates their workers?
ii. How does motivation relate to
productivity in an organization?
iii. What are the relevance of motivation in
the management of public organizations (NEPA)?
iv. How does motivation serve as a management
tool for increasing productivity?
v. What are the management problems that
cause inefficiency and low productivity of workers?
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
According to Osuala (1985:27) “an
adequate statement of the problem also defines it very carefully in terms of
its scope, and it is obvious for a researcher to set forth the bounds of the
topic being researched on”.
Based on this, the scope of this study
covered the National Electric Power Authority (NEPA) within Enugu North Local
Government Area.
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
A study of this nature cannot be
completed successfully without the researchers encountering some major
constraints. Against this backdrop, one
of the major constraints of this study was inadequate time.
Another limitation to this study was
inadequate fund, which would have marred the efforts of the researchers.
Moreover, a major limitation to this
study was the uncooperative attitude of some of the respondents (ie the
workers) from the organization under study especially as it concerned the
completion of the copies of questionnaire administered to them.
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study would be of immense benefit
to the government and the management of public organizations especially those
who are indifferent to the plights of the workers, since the study through the
recommendations provided solutions and suggestions through which workers could
be gingered for greater performance. A
major significance of this study is that it will serve as another contribution
to the academic development of the theories of productivity.
1.8 HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND OF ENUGU
NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT
Enugu North Local Government Area was
formed in 1991 after the creation of Enugu
State. This Local Government was carved out from the
then Enugu Local Government which was a premier Local government Area in the
former Anambra State.
Enugu North Local Government is
bounded on three sides by three Local Government Areas. These Local Government Areas are: Enugu South Local Government in the South,
Enugu East Local Government in the East and Udi Local Government on the Western
side of Enugu North Local Government Area.
Within Enugu North, there exist four
notable markets, these markets are:
a. The famous Ogbete Main Market, which is
the biggest market in Enugu
State. It is sighted within the nerve center of
Enugu North Local Government.
b. Aria Market which is situated between the
Iva-Valley Coal Mine and Enugu Gold course.
c. Enugu Industrial Market at Coal Camp
where motor parts are sold and manufactured.
d. The New
Haven Ultra Modern Market, Enugu.
Enugu North Local Government has three
tertiary institutions located within its locality. There are namely:
i. University of Nigeria
Enugu Campus
(UNEC)
ii. Enugu State University of Science and
Technology (ESUT)
iii. The Institute of Management and Technology
(IMT), Enugu.
Enugu North is also endowed with some
tourist attractions such as: The Modern
Amusement Park (Polo
Park) with its unique
facilities.
B. An Art Gallery
within the complex of Institute
of Management and
Technology, Campus II on Okpara
Avenue, Enugu.
C. The Enugu Zoological garden
and
D. The National Archives all situated within
or very close proximity to each other.
There is also the International Trade
Fair Complex, and within this complex is a communication outfit by NITEL for
International and Local calls.
Enugu North Local Government has two
indigenous communities namely:
i. Hill-top Indigenous Community in
Enugu-Ngwo and
ii. Ogui – Nike indigenous community.
1) HILL-TOP INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY IN ENUGU NGWO:
Enugu-Ngwo which is the oldest name
since 1915, Pre and Post Colonial naming of the entire urban city had the
prefix Enugu-Ngwo attached. Moreso,
before 1906 when Coal was discovered and later the mining of Coal, Enugu-Ngwo
indigenes were basically farmers who cultivate cassava, vegetables and yam
which they market in the open market which is today referred to as Ogbete Main
Market.
Enugu-Ngwo people are very welcoming
to strangers. Their cultural affinity
and behavioural pattern make them homely with strangers from all facets of
live. The presentation of all their farm
land for use to the Colonial Administration for building of Government Reserve
Quarters, recreational centres and office secretariat both for Local, State and
Federal Government speak loud of their welcome behaviour, hospitality and how
free minded they are:
The Enugu-Ngwo Hill-Top Community
tribal/cultural heritages are the same with other communities but with a slight
difference. Biennially, Ngwo people
celebrate the most exciting carnival in the world known as “ODO FESTIVAL”.
2) OGUI-NIKE INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY:
Ogui-Nike is the Premier Indigenous
Community within the Enugu North Local Government Area. It is an autonomous community having its own
Traditional Ruler in the person of IGWE ANTHONY OJUKWU, Chinenyeze I of Ogui –
Nike.
It is situated virtually in the center
of the vast expanding metropolis of Enugu,
Ogui-Nike still maintains its uniqueness and customs although it forms part of
the large NIKE CLAN.
The Nike clan extends from the Milikin
Hill in the West, to Emene in the East and from Ugwuogo in the North to
Ogui-Nike in the South.
The place and importance of Ogui-Nike
in the Enugu
metropolis is preserved by the naming of the longest and most important Road in
Enugu as “OGUI ROAD” in
addition to the part of Enugu
urban known as OGUI
TOWNSHIP. The Asata River
too which formerly separated the township from the rural village until the
emergence of the Independence Layout is also preserved by the ASATA TOWNSHIP
in Enugu.
The Presidential road leading to the
Independence Layout divides the community into two halves and together with the
famous Obiagu Road
form the major roads in the town.
During the festive seasons, a visit to
these two major roads will witness the display of the culture and traditional
ceremonies of the community.
The festive seasons include the “New
Yam Festival” which usually takes place between July and August every year, and
the “EGWUGWU” Masquerade Festival which is biennial and can take place in March
or April.
Christian Festivals of Easter,
Christmas and New year are also observed since most of the indigenes are ardent
Christians.
The minor market in Ogui-Nike is the
“Afia-Nine” where vegetables and crops from the rural areas are brought and
sold to the urban dwellers. This market
is quite popular as people come from far-away places to obtain these rural farm
produce.
Finally, Enugu North Local Government
has had several Chairman since its formation, but presently, the name of the
current Chairman is Hon. Emma Ugwu, while the name of the Personnel Manager is
Barr. Asogwa. Enugu Central was carved
out from it and it is called Enugu North Development Centre.
1.9 PROBLEMS HINDERING PRODUCTIVITY IN ENUGU NORTH LOCAL
GOVERNMENT AREA:
Many students and known scholars have
carried out studies on this issue of low productivity. They have carried out research to find out
the real factors responsible for low productivity.
In Enugu North Local Government,
various factors were observed as hindering productivity.
Generally, there is this common
impression that every Nigerian worker is lazy, slow, sleepy, reluctant to act,
unconcerned, and deceitful in their approach.
In the course of this study, the
researchers observed the following as some of the problems hindering
productivity in Enugu North Local Government:
A. POOR EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND OF
WORKERS: Most of the staff in Enugu
North Local Government were discovered to be lacking in terms of their
educational background, majority of them had the certificates without the basic
knowledge, instruction, abilities required of their jobs. Consequently, most of them finds it very
difficult to steer the affairs of their various positions thereby creating
lapses here and there which should not have been.
B. LACK OF TRAINING: As rightly defined by Denyer, J. C. (1975), “training is the
adoption or moulding of a pewson to increase his fitness for a specific
activity. Training of workers would make
them more productive as well as improve their morale, thereby increasing their
loyalty and adaptability of their immediate environment.
C. ABSENCE OF PARTICIPATIVE MANAGEMENT:
Permit
to say here that when there is an absence of participative management, workers
would not be productive. Participative
management is a decision making process where workers discuss with their
supervisors and influence decisions that affect them. It explores the feelings and opinions of
workers about their jobs. With the use
of participative management, every group is consulted before any change is
initiated. Through this system, every
worker develops a sense of participation, which results in high productivity.
D. POOR COMPENSATION OF WORKERS: Compensation packages are reward for
performance. They can be in either cash
items such as salary, allowances and Christmas bonus or in non cash items which
we call fringe benefits such as giving the Local Government workers some items from
the government’s inscripted products such as calendars, cups, wall clocks, etc…
When there is poor compensation of
workers, the workers will not put in their best in their jobs thereby causing
low productivity.
E. WRONG CHOICE IN DELEGATION: Delegation as we know is an organizational
process that permits the transfer of authority from a superior to a subordinate
to make commitments, use resources and take action in relation to duties
assigned to him. No government can
function well and effectively without delegation.
Therefore, when wrong people or
workers are delegated, this will drastically affect the anticipated results
which consequently will be detrimental to the level of productivity.
F. THE LEADERSHIP: This is one major problem that will hinder productivity in any
government. While conducting this
research, it was discovered that workers in Enugu North Local Government finds
it a bit difficult with their boss, which is the Chairman.
Most of them complained of him being
too authoritative, which is characterized by centralization of authority and
decision making in the boss.
Although this type of leader tends to
emphasis neither negative nor positive leadership, he motivates his
subordinates by forcing them to rely upon him for need satisfaction. As such he takes full authority and responsibility
for the work to be done. One may argue
that in government, things are different, but no matter the institution or
organization, the type of leadership goes a long way to either make or mar the
level of productivity of that organization or institution.
G. DIFFERENT SALARY SCALES: In Nigeria generally where standard of
living vary from area to area, to motivate workers, it is important that an
evaluation bearing in mind cost of living, styles and standards of living in
different cities in our country is carried out.
In Enugu North, workers know that
standard of living vary and that a pay system based on differential living
standards would increase the motivation to work.
Also if remuneration is not based on
performance as in the case of Civil Service, it will not motivate. But if a worker realizes that if he works
hard, he stands to be recognized by paying him extra, then he will be motivated
to work there being more productive.
All these and many more are some of
the problems found to be hindering productivity in Enugu North Local
Government.
1.10 DEFINITION OF TERMS:
1. PRODUCTIVITY - Increased
efficiency and the rate at which goods are produced.
2. WHEREWITHAL - Things
required or needed for a purpose.
3. LAXITY - Careless
or not strict in discipline or morals.
4. TECHNOLOGY - Mastery
and utilization of manufacturing methods and industrial arts.
5. PUBLIC
SECTOR - The area of the economy concerned with the government.
6. GEOMETRICAL
RATE - Series of numbers with a constant ratio between a successful
quantities of the numbers which increase by a common multiplier or decrease by
a common division.
7. ECONOMY - System
for the management and use of resources.
8. PRODUCTION - The
fabrication of a physical object through the use of labour, materials, money
and equipment.
9. PROTOCOL - Etiquette
applying to rank or status, correct procedure.
10. REMUNERATION
- Pay or reward for services rendered
11. MOTIVATION - Causes
or reason for the actions of a person, reflection of a person’s desire to
fulfill certain needs.
12. BIENNIALLY - Happening
every second year, or happening once in every two years.
13. PROXIMITY - Nearness to each other.
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