ABSTRACT
Bacteriological and physiochemical analyzes of sachets water samples sold in Olokoro, Abia state were carried out to determine the portability of the sachet water using standard methods. Bacteriological analysis revealed the presence of the following organisms: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Species and Shigella Species. Total viable count was by spread plate technique while the most probable number (MPN) counts were by multiple tube fermentation techniques. The total viable counts for all the water samples were generally high exceeding the limit of 11.25± 1.62 to 0.00±0.00 cfu/ml(x 105) for water. The MPN count ranges from 13.3 to 0.00 MPN / 100ml for total coliform count and fecal coliform counts ranged from 9.7 to 0.00 MPN / 100ml. The physiochemical values revealed the variable levels, the pH valves ranged from 6.23 ± 0.03 in sample b to 7.57 ± 0.05 in sample F. Electrical conductivity ranged from 26.00 ± 7.07 us/cm in sample C to 95.50 ± 31.81 us/cm in sample J. Temperature ranged from 25.50 ± 0.70 in sample E to 28.50 ± 2.12 in sample 1. TDS ranged from 11.55 ± 0.35 in sample E to 60.35 ± 6.01 in sample J. TSS ranged from 38.70 ± 3.81 in sample B to 60.00 ± 12.72 in sample H. All the water samples were colourless, odourless and were in line with (WHO) standard. In general, bacteriological and physiochemical indices of contamination detected from some of the samples are indications that sachet water available in Olokoro do not meet the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits and so may not be suitable for drinking purposes.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of Content v
List of Table vi
Abstract vii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
Introduction 1
1.1 Sources of Water 4
1.2 Importance of Water 4
1.3 Water Quality 5
1.4
Water Pollution 6
1.5 Portable Water 7
1.6 Aims and Objectives 8
CHAPTER TWO
2.0
LITERATURE REVIEW 9
CHAPTER THREE
3.0
Materials and methods 18
3.1 Collection of water sample 18
3.2 Media
Preparation 18
3.3 Physical analysis 18
3.3.1 Determination of pH 18
3.3.2
Determination of electrical
conductivity 19
3.3.3
Determination of taste 19
3.3.4 Determination of odour 19
3.3.5 Determination of colour 19
3.3.6
Determination of temperature 20
3.4
Chemical analysis 20
3.4.1
Determination of total Dissolved solid
(TDS) 20
3.4.2
Determination of Total Suspended Solid
(TSS) 20
3.5 Labeling 20
3.6 Bacteriological Analysis 21
3.6.1
Spread Plate Technique 21
3.6.2
Characterization Of Isolates 21
3.6.3 Gram-Staining and Microscopy 21
3.7
Biochemical tests 21
3.7.1
Indole Test 21
3.7.2
Oxidase test 22
3.7.3 Catalase Test 22
3.7.4 Citrate Utilization Test 22
3.7.5
Coagulase Test 23
3.7.6
Motility Test 23
3.8
Coliform Count 23
3.8.1 Presumptive Test 23
3.8.2
Confirmed Test 24
3.8.3 Completed Test 24
3.9
Statistical Analysis 24
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0
RESULTS 25
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion 30
5.1
Conclusion 31
5.2
Recommendation 31
REFERENCES
32
APPENDIX
LIST OF TABLES
Tables Pages
1 The
Morphological and Biochemical Characteristics of
the bacterial isolates
26
2
Total viable counts (TVC) and Salmonella Shigella count
of the water sample Cfu/ml(x105) 27
3 Means of most Probable Number
coliform Count
MPN/100ml 28
4 Physiochemical parameters in the
different Sachet
water
sample with Ranking 29
CHAPTER ONE
5.0
Introduction
Water
is needed by all forms of life, man, animals and plants. It is present in
almost all parts of the earth, about three quarter ¾ of the entire earth surface is making up of water and it
exists in three states, vapour, liquid and solid water supplies are derived
from springs, rivers, reservoirs, boreholes and natural lakes.
The
water passes through the ground and during which it dissolves some minerals in
rocks, suspended particles and pathogenic microorganisms from fecal matters.
These and other factors make water unfit for drinking leading to problem of
scarcity or insufficient potable water (Raymand, 1992). The sheet drinking
water was introduced into the Nigeria market as less expensive means of
accessing drinking water than bottled water (Ogundipe, 2008).
Good quality water is odourless,
colourless, tasteless and free from fecal pollution. A reliable supply of clean
wholesome water is highly essential in a bid to promoting healthy living among
the inhabitants of a defined geographical region. Safe and potable water
supplies in urban areas in Nigeria are still inadequate in spite of four
decades of independence and several efforts from various governments. The
standard industrialization world model for delivering of safe drinking water
and sanitation technology is however, not affordable in most of the developing
countries (Goal, 2006). it was reported that in Nigeria, about 80% of all
diseases and 30% of death are water related 9Dada, 1997) pure water also acts
as an improvement over the format types of drinking water in packaged for sale
to consumers in hand filled, hand tied polythene bags (ice water). Today, the
easy accessibility to drinking water in packaged forms has resulted in a big
and thriving water industry with several hundred of million litres of these
water products consumed every year by Nigerians (Ogundipe, 2008).
Water constitutes a sizeable
percentage of our daily food in-take, as human bodies do not have reverse
supply and due to its natural abundance, it is considered a universal solvent
(Nwosu, 2004). Going by the renewed global commitments toward the Millennium
Development Goal (MDGs), marked for 2015, the importance and contribution of
locally sourced low-cost alternative drinking water scheme to sustainable
access in rural and urban settings of developing nations cannot be over
emphasized one of such intention in Nigeria where public drinking water supply
is unreliable is drinking water sold in polythene bag (SON, 2000).
Sachets water is readily available
and affordable, but there are concerns about it’s purity. The integrity of the
hygienic environment and conditions where the majority of the water in sachets
are produced has been question. Apart from the environmental contaminants,
contamination from improper vendor handling also poses threats the health of
the ignorant consumers who drink often without any proper cleaning of the
sachets. Therefore, water related diseases continued to be of the major health
problems globally (SON, 2000).
The
National Agency for food Agency for food Drug Administration and Control
(NAFDAC) is mandated to enforce compliance with intentionally defined drinking
water guidelines, but regulation of the packaged water industry aimed at good
quality assurance has remained at challenge to the agency. To control this
manse of contaminated water in sachets, NAFDAC declared a possible gradual
nationwide barn on sachets water to allow of manufacturers of sachets water to
start winding down or change of bottle packaging. Successful implementation of
this barn has reminded for rom reality is the sachets water market is
witnessing tremendous growth especially among the poor and middle social
classes pure water as it is popularly called is assumed to be of sufficient quality
to serve as drinking water, treated and packaged in transparent sachets with
name, address of manufacturer, expiry date, NAFDAC number and logo boldly
printed on it (Olejeme, 2001).
Water plays an indispensible role
in sustenance of life and it is a key pillar of health determinant, since 80%
of diseases in developing countries are due to lack of good quality water
(Cheesbrough, 2006). Drinking water quality management has been a key pillar of
primary prevention of disease for over one and half centuries and it continues
to be the foundation for the prevention and control of water borne disease
(WHO, 2010). Contaminated water is a global public health threat placing people
at risk of host of diarrhea and other illness as well as chemical intoxication
(Okonko, 2009).
Many
years of neglect by the government and inadequate investment has left the
public drinking water supply in Nigeria in an unreliable state. The society has
therefore taken several adaptive measures of alleviating this stress. One of
these is dependent on sachet water, popularly referred to as pure water (Dada,
2009).
In related study, (Taiwo,
2012) noted that the bacteriological and physio-chemical properties observed in
all the sachet water samples analyzed were within the world Health Organization
showed an improvement in the quality of sachets water produced in Olokoro as at
the time of study had offensive taste and all the parameters did not meet the
recommended standards for potable water stipulated by the WHO.
1.1 Sources of Water
Water
naturally exist in three main sources; Rain water, ground water and surface
water.
Rain water is naturally the purest
source of water but as it gets down it absorbs from the atmosphere. The
concentration can vary from 0.1 to 10µg/ml. The rain water can be collected
from roofs and prepared water sheds which could assists in polluting and making
it one of the most unfit sources of water for drinking.
Ground water are said to have gotten from
the melting of metabolic water (rain, snow and hail stone). Surface water
include stream, ponds and lakes. The concentration components here are more
than those in rain and ground water. The salt content in it is so much that it
cannot be used as drinking water because it would take the body a lot of work
to flush out excess salt before salt before from metabolism.
1.2 Importance of Water
Water
is an indispensable rain material for a multitude of domestic and industrial
purpose. Water is the most abundant material, it’s cheap production with less
than 500ppm impurities will be more important to the world than atomic energy,
as we all know it today.
Domestic uses of water include; cooking,
drinking etc. The human body contains 55% to 70% water depending on the body
size. To function properly, the body require between one and seven litres of
water to avoid dehydration; the precise amount depends on the level of
activity, humidity and other factors. It is not clear how much water in-take
healthy people need, though most advocates agree that 6-7 glasses of water
daily is the minimum to maintain proper hydration.
Water
is used in biochemical processes, it is central to photosynthesis and
respiration photosynthetic cells are the sun’s energy to split off water
molecular (Photolysis of water) to form hydrogen and water.
In
agriculture, the most important use of water is for irrigation, which is widely
used in chemical enough food. Water is widely used in chemical reactions as a
solvent, dissolving many ionic compounds in organic reactions if does not
dissolve the reactions well and is amphoteric (acid and base) and nucleophilic.
Water
is used in power generation. Hydro-electricity is electricity obtained from
hydropower. Hydro electric power comes from water driving and water turbine
connected to generations. It is also used in the cooling of machinery to
prevent over cheating as in vehicle radiators.
1.3 Water Quality
The
Importance of high quality water cannot be over-emphasized as it sustains human
life and maintain health. Most water, before they reach the consumers, have
been exposed to greater or lesser amount of contamination, but in the majority
of case, they undergo a more or less complete purification by natural agencies.
The standard of water in Nigeria should be in line with the World health
Organization (WHO) Standard.
Water
delivered to the consumer should be clear, odourless, tasteless and colourless.
It should contain no pathogenic organisms and be free from biological forms,
which may be harmful to human health.
1.4
Water Pollution
Water pollution is the
contamination of water bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans and ground water.
All water pollution affects organisms and plants that lives in these water
bodies and in almost all cases the effect is damaging either to individual,
species or population or also to the natural biological communities. It occurs
when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without
adequate treatment to remove harmful constituents.
The
point sources of water pollution include waste generated by human settlements,
domestic, commercial and industrial activities and the precipitation of
atmosphere pollutants. Water pollutants types can be categorized into the
following;
i.
Physical pollutants: They
include, silts, clay, discarded objects, weeds, decaying organic matter which
generally affect the aesthetic quality of surface waters.
ii.
Chemical pollutants: they
are non-biodegradable toxic heavy metals such as lead, cadmium and mercury as
well as persistent and hazardous organic pollutants such as pesticides, Phenols
and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.
iii.
Microbial pollutants:
These pollutants arise from the discharge effluents from domestic sources and
manufacturing industries into surface water. Fecal contaminants can also lead
to microbial pollutants.
Other
sources of pollution include petroleum hydrocarbons (fuels like gasoline,
diesel fuel, jet fuels, and fuel oil) and lubricants (motor oil) and fuel
combustion by-products from storm, water run-off, In organic water pollutants
include acidity caused by industrial discharges especially sulphur dioxide from
power plants, heavy metals from motor vehicles. Also fertilizers containing
nutrients (nitrates and phosphates), which are found in storm, water run-off
from agriculture, as well as commercial and residential use.
1.5 Portable Water
Water
to be used for human consumption must be meeting certain requirements. It must
be free of all disease causing microorganisms, low in concentration of compound
that are acutely toxic or that have serious long term effect on health. Ideally
water for drinking should be clear, free of odour and compound that can cause
colour or taste.
The
quality of drinking water has attracted great attention worldwide because of
implied public health impacts. Sachet packaged drinking water is common in
Nigeria. It is often found as major sources of water at food canteens and sold
by many food vendors in the country. The majority of the population consume it.
Hence the need to ascertain the qualities of sachet water in order to safeguard
the health of consumers.
Many
common and widespread health risks have been found to be associated with
drinking water in developing countries, a large percentage of which are
biological origin (Trivedi, 1997).
The
guidelines for drinking water quality (WHO) are intended for use by countries
as a basis for the development of national standards which if properly
implemented will ensure the safety of drinking water supplier (WHO, 2003).
1.6 Aims and Objectives
1. To ascertain if the sachet water sold
in Olokoro conforms to WHO standard.
2. To provide information so the public of
the dangers that may occur as a result of sachet water consumption.
3. To know if the water contains fecal
coliforms.
4. To determine the microbial load of
sachet water and compare it with the standard or acceptable microbial load, in
order to ascertain if the water samples are fit for human consumption or not.
5. To identify possible microbial,
physical and chemical contaminants associated with sachet water sold in
Olokoro.
Click “DOWNLOAD NOW” below to get the complete Projects
FOR QUICK HELP CHAT WITH US NOW!
+(234) 0814 780 1594
Login To Comment