ANALYSIS OF SACHET WATER SOLD IN UMUAHIA METROPOLIS

ABSTRACT

A total of five (5) brands of sachets and one (1) brand of bottle water samples were collected from different locations in Umuahia Metropolis and were analyzed microbiologically. The total count of most of the sachet water samples ranges between 1.0 x 102 and 3.0 x 102 cfu/ml, exceeding the limit of 1.0 x 102 CFU/ml. The MPN of coliform counts ranged from 1 to 5 cfu /102 ml of sample. The dominant bacteria isolates were Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis, and Klebsiella Species. The bottle water sample analyzed showed no bacterial growth. Bacteriological analysis showed that 100/100 (100%) of the samples of sachet water tested showed positive coliform counts. However, the number of coliform present were within the range of approved coliform level in sachet water using the Mac-Crady's Probability Table. The multiple tube technique was used for the analysis with the use of the MacConkey broth. Escherichia coli was confirmed using Eijkman’s test as the confirmatory test. These contaminants could be as a result of improper sterilization of the water before packaging or contamination due to poor handling during production, transportation or sales of such products.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                                                    i

Certification                                                                                               ii

Dedication                                                                                                 iii

Acknowledgement                                                                                     iv

Table of contents                                                                                        v

List of tables                                                                                              vi

Abstract                                                                                                     vii

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction                                                                                          1

1.2  Aim and objective                                                                                4

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature review                                                                                  6

2.1  Overview of water                                                                                7

2.1.2 Main sources of domestic water                                                        8

2.2   Sources of water pollution                                                                  9

2.3   Water related health risk                                                                     9

2.4   Water-washed disease                                                                         9

2.5   Water borne diseases                                                                           10

2.6   Problems due to chemically contaminated water                                11

2.7   Problems due to microbiologically contaminated water                     11

2.8  Assessment of water quality                                                                 12

2.8.1 Biological analysis                                                                              12

2.9  Nigerian standard for drinking water                                                    13

2.9.1 Drinking water quality standard used in Nigeria                                13

2.9.2  Packaged waters in the market                                                           14

2.9.3 The role of “pure water” producers towards national development    16

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Materials and methods                                                                           18

3.1 Study area and sampling of water                                                          18

3.2 Methodology                                                                                          18

3.3 Method                                                                                                   19

3.4 Identification of isolates                                                                         20

3.5 Total bacteria count                                                                                21

3.6 Presumptive coliform test                                                                       21

3.7 Confirmatory E.coli test                                                                          22

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Results                                                                                                     23

4.1 Interpretation of Result                                                                            28

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Discussion                                                                                                30

5.2 Conclusion                                                                                               30

5.3 Recommendation                                                                                     31

References                                                                                                     33

Appendix                                                                                                        37

                                           LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Shows the result of St.nick sachet water                                        24

Table 2: Shows the result of God’s hand sachet water                                 24

Table 3: Shows the result of Udal sachet water                                            25

Table 4: Shows the result of Charisam sachet water                                     25

Table 5: Shows the result of MOUAU sachet water                                     26

Table 6: Shows the result of Eva bottle water                                               26

Table 7: Shows the result of Eijkman’s test                                                  27

Table 8: Shows other isolates found and their viable number per ml           29

                                          CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Safe and potable water supplies in urban centers in Nigeria are still inadequate in spite of over five decades of independence and several efforts from various governments.

In many developing countries, availability of water has become a critical and urgent problem and it is a matter of great concern to families and communities depending on Non-public water supply system (Okonko et al, 2008). Increase in human population has exerted an enormous pressure on the provision of safe drinking water in developing countries (Umeh et al, 2005). Towards the

Millennium Development Goals – Action for Water and Environmental Sanitation is timely in the light of the problem of poor availability and access to good drinking water in many countries of the world including Nigeria. “About one – fifth of the world’s population lack access to safe drinking water, and about half lack adequate sanitation. About 40 percent of the world’s population lives in countries with moderate to high water stress.

By 2025, this figure could rise to 50 percent. Yet, with the help of policy and legal reform, international cooperation, community and private sector participation, technical innovation – there are encouraging signs that the crisis could be averted. The connectivity between poverty, hunger, availability, affordability and access to drinking water to sustainable development is succinctly described by the goals of the millennium declaration. “The links between water, health and poverty are numerous and complex.

Access to safe water affects adequate sanitation which in turn drives the risk of water borne diseases especially in poor urban communities. The urban poor often spend up to 10 - 20 times more on water from vendors than piped water.

The inability of Government to consistently provide adequate water contributed to the proliferation of the so-called ‘pure water’ manufacture in Nigeria. The provision of drinking water that is not only safe, but tasteless, odorless and clean in appearance is top priority in any country that cares for good health, and poverty alleviation towards sustainable development. Consumers cannot by themselves ascertain the quality of drinking water.

Naturally, water that appears dirty, discolored, smelly or with unpleasant taste will be treated with grave suspicion by consumers, thus causing them to find an alternative. However, appearance and other organoleptic properties are not all there is to Water Quality Assurance (Akunyili, 2003).Unsafe water is a global public health threat, placing persons at risk for a host of diarrheal and other diseases as well as chemical intoxication (Hughes and Koplan, 2005). Unsanitary water has particularly devastating effects on young children in the developing world.

Each year, more than 2 million persons, mostly children less than 5 years of age, die of diarrhea disease (Kosek et al, 2003; Parashar et al, 2003). For children in this age group, diarrheal disease accounted for 17% of all death from 2000 to 2003(WHO, 2005), ranking third among causes of death, after neonatal causes and acute respiratory infections. Nearly 90% of diarrheal-related deaths have been attributed to unsafe or inadequate water supplies and sanitation (WHO, 2004) conditions affecting a large part of the world’s population (Hughes and Koplan, 2005).

An estimated 1.1 billion persons (one sixth of the world’s population) lack access to clean water and 2.6 billion to adequate sanitation (WHO, 2005; Hughes and Koplan, 2005). The principal objectives of municipal water are the production and the distribution of safe water that is fit for human consumption (Lamikanra, 1999; Okonko et al, 2008).

The portable water scarcity has been a perennial problem of the local indigene. Hence, the inhabitants mostly women and children have resorted to sourcing drinking water from dug wells, unprotected and protected springs, brooks and harvested rainwater throughout the seasons.(Sridhar et al, 1982;Sridhar, 1999). Recently in Nigeria, drinking water is commercially available in easy-to-open 50-60ml polyethylene sacks known as sachet /pure water (Umeh et al, 2005).The water vending is a flourishing business in Abia Nigeria and many people are lured into this business for getting easy returns. The major supply which has become popular among the medium and low income groups are the cheap nylon sachets either registered with the regulatory body (National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control NAFDAC) or without registration. Conformation with microbiological standard is of special interest because of the capacity of water to spread diseases within a large population.

Although the standards vary from place to place, the objective anywhere is to reduce the possibility of spreading waterborne diseases in addition to being pleasant to drink, which implies that it must be wholesome and palatable in all respects (Edema et al, 2001; Okonko et al, 2008). A collaborative, interdisciplinary effort to ensure global access to safe water, basic sanitation, and improved hygiene is the foundation for ending cycle of poverty and diseases (Hughes and Koplan, 2005). At the end of 2000 United Nations (UN) Millennium Summit, member states adopted a set of 8 goals and related targets and indicators aimed at helping to end human. poverty and its ramifications (Sachs and McArthur, 2005). According to Hughes and Koplan, (2005), among these millennium. Development Goals is a call to halve by the year 2015 the proportion of persons without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. Towards the end of March 2005, the UN launched the “International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015” (Bartram et al, 2005).

Success in reaching these targets will help achieve the other goals, increase work force productivity, and substantially reduce the amount of time that women and children spend collecting and storing water, which will free them to pursue other productive and educational activities (Hughes and Koplan, 2005).

According to Bartram et al, (2005), the WHO-sponsored International Network for the Promotion of Safe Household Water Treatment and Storage, a global collaboration of UN and bilateral agencies, non-governmental organizations, research institutions, and the private sector, could serve as a model for improving coordination of international efforts in this area of global safe water, sanitation, and hygiene. Innovative approaches towards improving water, sanitation, and hygiene must be implemented and evaluated. A number of studies conducted in a variety of geographic settings have shown that interventions such as point-of-use disinfection of water and educational efforts to improve personal hygiene help reduce disease prevalence (Clasen and Cairncross, 2004). These studies also highlighted the importance of tailoring such interventions to local situations (Hughes and Koplan, 2005).A recent study in an area in rural western Kenya that had turbid source of water found that household use of flocculants disinfectant Preparation helped to reduce the prevalence of diarrhea in children less than 2 years of age (Crump et al, 2005). Studies in refugee camps in Africa (Peterson et al, 1998) and urban slums in Asia have reported that hand-washing with soap reduced the prevalence of diarrhea in all age groups and lowered the incidence of diarrhea and pneumonia in children less than 5 years of age.

1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVE

Aim;

The aim of this research study was to evaluate the bacterial quality of sachet water sold in Umuahia.

Objective;

To identify the organisms common to packaged water sold in Umuahia.

To use the multiple tube technique to evaluate the suitability of sachet water for drinking purposes.

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