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ASSESSMENT OF SOIL EROSION IN DUTSE LOCAL GOVERNMENT, JIGAWA STATE.

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ABSTRACT

Soil erosion poses significant environmental, social, and economic challenges, particularly in regions susceptible to gully formation. This study focuses on the assessment of soil erosion in Dutse Local Government Area, Jigawa State, Nigeria. The research aims to identify gully erosion-prone areas within the study region, analyze the causes and contributing factors, and evaluate the impact of soil erosion on local infrastructure and the environment. A combination of field surveys, geospatial analysis using satellite imagery, and laboratory testing of soil samples were employed to gather data. The findings reveal that gully erosion in Dutse is primarily driven by a combination of natural factors, including topography and rainfall intensity, as well as anthropogenic activities such as deforestation, improper land use practices, and poor drainage systems. The study highlights the adverse effects of soil erosion on infrastructure, including the degradation of roads, buildings, and farmlands, which has led to economic losses and reduced agricultural productivity in the area. Recommendations for mitigating soil erosion include the implementation of sustainable land management practices, afforestation programs, and improved urban planning strategies. This research provides valuable insights into the dynamics of soil erosion in Dutse and underscores the need for concerted efforts to address this environmental challenge.

 

 





 

TABLE OF CONTENTS


Cover page. i

DECLARATION.. ii

APPROVAL PAGE. iii

DEDICATION.. iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENT. v

TABLE OF CONTENT. vi

ABSTRACT. ix


CHAPTER ONE. 1

1.O INTRODUCTION.. 1

1.1 BACKGROOUNG OF THE STUDY. 1

1.2.1 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM... 6

1.2.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS. 8

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES. 8

1.3.1 AIM... 8

1.3.2 Objectives: 8

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY. 8

1.5 STUDY AREA.. 9

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE AND JUSTIFICATION.. 9


CHAPTER TWO.. 10

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW... 10

2.1 Conceptual Framework. 10

2.2 Theoretical Framework. 12

2.3 Critical Review of Related Literature. 14

2.4 GULLY EROSION.. 16

2.4.1 FORM OF GULLY EROSION.. 19

2.6 ENVIROMENTAL EFFECT OF GULLY EROSION.. 21


CHAPTER THREE. 24

3.1 STUDY AREA AND METHODOLOGY. 24

3.1.1 Location. 24

3.1.2.1 Climate. 25

3.1.2.2 Vegetation. 25

3.1.2.3 Geology. 25

3.1.2.4 Soils. 26

3.1.3.1 Population. 26

3.1.3.2 Socioeconomic Activities. 26

3.2 METHODOLOGY. 27

3.2.1 Sampling Technique. 27

3.2.2 Types of Data. 27

3.2.2.1 Objective 2. 27

3.2.2.2 Objective 1. 27

3.2.3 Sources of Data. 28

3.2.3.1 Objective 1. 28

3.2.3.2 Objective 1. 28

3.4 Data Analysis. 28

3.4.1 Analytical Techniques. 28


CHAPTER FOUR. 30

RESULT AND DISCUSSION.. 30

4.1 INTRODUCTION.. 30

4.2.1. How long have you leaved in Dutse local government?. 30

4.2.2. Are you aware of soil erosion in Dutse local government?. 30

4.2.3. How would you rate the frequency of the soil erosion event in the area. 31

4.2.4. What do you think are main causes of soil erosion in Dutse local government?. 31

4.2.5. What types of infrastructure are most affected by soil erosion in Dutse local government?. 32

4.2.6. Do you believed soil erosion has affected local community (e.g Agriculture, transportation coasts)?. 32

4.2.7. Are there any major currently in place to control soil erosion?. 32

4.2.8. What measured would you recommend to reduce the impact of soil erosion on infrastructure. 33

4.2 RESULT AND DISCUSSION.. 33

4.1 MAP OF DUTSE SHOWING GULLY EROSION SITE. 34

4.2.2 MAP DUTSE SHOWING GULLY EROSION SITE. 35

4.3 SOIL EROSION IN DUTSE LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN 2012. 35

4.4 SOIL EROSION IN DUTSE LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN 2024. 36


CHPATER FIVE. 38

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 38

5.1 SUMMARY. 38

5.2 CONCLUSION.. 39

5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS. 40

REFERENCES









CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION


1.1 BACKGROOUNG OF THE STUDY

Soil erosion is a global phenomenon, affecting regions from arid deserts to lush forests, and it transcends geographic and climatic boundaries. Its causes are multifaceted and often interconnected, involving natural factors like rainfall, wind, and geological conditions, as well as human activities such as deforestation, urbanization, and unsustainable agricultural practices. The consequences of soil erosion are equally multifaceted, spanning ecological, economic, and social dimensions. Loss of Arable Land, Perhaps the most immediate and alarming consequence of soil erosion is the loss of arable land. Soil erosion is a major threat to food security and ecosystem viability, as current rates are orders of magnitude higher than natural soil formation. Governments around the world are trying to address the issue of soil erosion. Polidoro, J. C., et al. (2021).  However, we do not know whether countries have much actual control over their soil erosion.

Water Quality Degradation: Eroded soil often carries with its chemicals, pesticides, and fertilizers used in agriculture, as well as pollutants from urban areas. These substances can contaminate rivers, lakes, and oceans, leading to water quality degradation. This not only harms aquatic ecosystems but also threatens the health of humans who rely on these water sources for drinking and agriculture. Increased Flooding: When soil erodes, it can clog waterways, causing increased sedimentation. This can lead to heightened flood risks as rivers and streams become shallower and more prone to overflowing during heavy rainfall. Consequently, flooding impacts not only local communities but can also have cascading effects on downstream regions. Biodiversity Loss: Soil erosion often results in habitat degradation and destruction. Li, C., (2021). As ecosystems lose their stability and resilience due to soil erosion, plant and animal species face displacement or extinction.

Over the years, substantial progress has been made in understanding the dynamics of gully erosion and its controlling factors, with numerous scholars contributing using various approaches, including Cassali et al. (2009), Valentin et al. (2005), Poesen et al. (2003), Marzolff and Poesen (2009), James et al. (2007), Li et al. (2003), and Casasnovas (2003). Poesen (2011) noted that gullies are morphological indicators of prolonged soil erosion, reflecting environmental responses to factors such as heavy rainfall and land use practices. These features play a significant role in altering human-environment interactions, often shaped by specific socio-economic conditions. Gully erosion is a primary source of sediment generation, accounting for approximately 10% to 95% of total sediment production at the catchment level, while gully channels occupy only about 5% of the catchment area. The expansion of gully channels also increases sediment overflow across landscapes, contributing to natural hazards such as flooding.

This loss of biodiversity has a global impact as it disrupts the intricate web of life on Earth, affecting ecosystem services and the health of the planet as a whole. Climate Change: Soil erosion contributes to climate change in multiple ways. Firstly, eroded soil can release carbon into the atmosphere, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. Secondly, the loss of vegetation cover, which often accompanies soil erosion, reduces the Earth's capacity to sequester carbon dioxide. These factors collectively exacerbate global warming. Economic Consequences, the economic impacts of soil erosion are substantial. Beyond reduced agricultural productivity, erosion increases costs for infrastructure maintenance, as sedimentation in rivers can necessitate expensive dredging operations. It also leads to increased healthcare expenses due to water pollution-related illnesses. Social Implications: Soil erosion disproportionately affects vulnerable communities, often exacerbating poverty and food insecurity. The displacement of people due to erosion-induced land degradation can lead to conflicts and migrations, which can have regional and even global repercussions. Soil erosion is a critical environmental issue that affects regions worldwide. Wuepper, D., (2020) Soil erosion is a widespread environmental challenge that significantly affects the African continent.

Africa With its diverse landscapes, climatic conditions, and socioeconomic contexts, experiences a range of soil erosion impacts that have profound implications for ecosystems, agriculture, and livelihoods. Chapman, S., (2021) this discussion highlights some of the key impacts of soil erosion in Africa and underscores the urgent need for sustainable land management practices. Migration and Conflict as communities lose their ability to sustain themselves due to soil erosion-induced land degradation; it often leads to internal and external migration. Muoni, T., (2020).  This movement of people can result in conflicts over dwindling resources and competition for arable land, exacerbating social and political instability in some regions. Impact on Indigenous Communities, Indigenous communities in Africa often have a deep connection to their land and rely on traditional agricultural practices. Soil erosion threatens their cultural heritage and can disrupt their way of life as they are forced to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Zhao, C., (2021).

Soil erosion is an environmental problem that occur widespread area, including Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria. Quine, T. A., et al. (2020). The degradation of soil due to erosion can have significant consequences for agriculture, water quality, infrastructure, and overall ecosystem health. Therefore, a comprehensive assessment of soil erosion in Dutse is essential to understand the extent of the problem, its causes, and potential mitigation strategies. Dutse is the capital city of Jigawa State, located in the northwestern region of Nigeria. Its geographic characteristics, including terrain, climate, and land use, contribute to the susceptibility of the area to soil erosion. Soil erosion is a significant environmental issue that affects both natural landscapes and human-made systems. It is a process in which the topsoil, the most fertile and essential layer of soil, is gradually removed or displaced by various agents such as wind, water, and human activity. Soil erosion poses a severe threat to the sustainability of ecosystems, agriculture, infrastructure, and overall environmental quality. As we delve into the 21st century, the impacts of soil erosion have gained increasing attention due to their far-reaching consequences. Dutse, the capital city of Jigawa State in Nigeria, is not immune to the impact of soil erosion, a phenomenon that affects various aspects of the city's environment, economy, and communities. Located in the semi-arid region of northern Nigeria, Dutse faces unique challenges related to soil erosion due to its geographic and climatic conditions. This discussion outlines the significant impacts of soil erosion in Dutse and emphasizes the need for effective mitigation strategies. Garba, A.. (2021). Soil erosion in Dutse, the capital city of Jigawa State in Nigeria, has various environmental, agricultural, and socioeconomic impacts. While specific data for Dutse may vary, the general consequences of soil erosion are likely to be observed in this region due to its geographic and climatic characteristics. Here are some potential impacts of soil erosion in Dutse. In rural areas surrounding Dutse, where many communities depend on agriculture, soil erosion can result in the loss of arable land. This can force people to abandon their homes and seek alternative livelihoods, contributing to rural-to-urban migration.

The impacts of soil erosion at the state or regional level can vary widely depending on geographic, climatic, economic, and land use factors. Here, we will outline some common impacts of soil erosion at the state level. These impacts can include; Infrastructure Damage, State governments often bear the cost of repairing and maintaining infrastructure affected by soil erosion. Erosion can damage roads, bridges, and other infrastructure, leading to expensive repairs and disruptions in transportation networks. Natural Disaster Risk, Soil erosion can increase the risk of natural disasters such as floods and landslides at the state level. The displacement of eroded soil can clog waterways, making flooding more likely during heavy rainfall. Landslides can also occur when slopes become destabilized due to soil erosion. Economic Costs, the economic costs of soil erosion at the state level can be substantial. States may need to allocate funds for erosion control measures, disaster response, and restoration efforts. Additionally, decreased agricultural productivity can have a ripple effect on the state's economy, impacting jobs and income levels. Ilu, K. J., (2020).

 Soil erosion can have various impacts on the city of Dutse, which is the capital of Jigawa State in Nigeria. While Dutse may not face the same level of soil erosion as some other regions, it is not immune to its effects. Here are some of the potential impacts of soil erosion in Dutse

The impact of soil erosion in Dutse Local Government, like in many other regions, can have significant and varied consequences on the environment, economy, and livelihoods of the local population. Dutse Local Government is located in Nigeria, which is susceptible to soil erosion due to its geographical and climatic conditions. Here are some potential impacts of soil erosion in Dutse Local Government, Water Quality Degradation; eroded soil often carries sediments, pollutants, and agricultural chemicals into water bodies. This can lead to water pollution and reduced water quality in rivers and streams. It can negatively impact aquatic ecosystems and make water sources less safe for human consumption.

Reduced agricultural productivity can lead to income losses for farmers, while increased flood damage and infrastructure repair costs strain local finances. This can hinder economic development in the area. Community displacement, in extreme cases, soil erosion may force communities to relocate due to the loss of arable land and unsafe living conditions. This can disrupt social structures and traditional ways of life.

Addressing soil erosion in Dutse Local Government requires a combination of short-term and long-term strategies. These may include implementing erosion control measures, reforestation and afforestation initiatives, sustainable land management practices, and public awareness campaigns to educate residents on soil conservation. Additionally, cooperation between local, state, and national governments is crucial to develop and implement effective policies and interventions to mitigate the impacts of soil erosion in the region.


1.2.1 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

Soil erosion is a significant environmental concern in Dutse, Jigawa State, igeria. The research problem revolves around understanding the extent, consequences, and implications of soil erosion in the area and developing effective strategies for mitigation. The research problem centers on understanding and addressing the impact of soil erosion in Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria. Soil erosion, while not as severe as in some regions, poses significant challenges in Dutse. To frame this research problem effectively, it is crucial to define the specific aspects and questions that need investigation. Soil erosion is considered as one of major land degradation in Dutse local government area of jigawa state, which is also the main source environmental deterioration. This concern has sparked extensive studies investigating the status of deforestation in Dutse local government of Nigeria.

(Lu., 2004; Wilson and Lorang, 1999) Traditionally, the RUSLE model was developed to assess soil erosion risk for small local-scale watersheds. However, with the spatial widespread occurrence and acceleration of the soil erosion process and water quality problems, the use of RUSLE model poses inherent drawback with respect to costs of applying it, representativeness of site, and on reliability of predicted results.

The advent of GIS technology stimulated an explosive increase in GIS based models applications on regional scale. The combination of GIS technology with erosion models such as the RUSLE has improved the efficiency for estimating spatial distribution and magnitude of erosion risk with reasonable costs and better accuracy as documented by several researchers in the literature (Dziewonski et al., 1975; Mitasova et al., 1996; Cox and Madramootoo, 1998; Molnár and Julien, 1998; Millward and Mersey, 1999; Wilson and Lorang, 1999; Yitayew, 1999; Gibbs et al., 2003; Lewis et al et al., 2005; Fu et al., 2006; Erdogan et al., 2007; Neshat et al., 2014).

(Renard et al., 1997) use RUSLE model to calculates the average annual soil erosion loss by considering the five factors which are; predicted long − term average of annual sheet and rill soil loss, t ha

rainfall − runoff erosivity factor, soil erosivity factor, slope length, slope steepness, cover and management factor.

Millward and Mersey, (1999) also faced similar conditions of sparse climate data when assessing erosion risk in a particular watershed in Mexico. They employed a rather more improved technique in generating rainfall data. They used remote rainfall stations and rainfall was interpolated from the remote stations using interpolation methods such as kriging and inverse distance. Interpolation was done in IDRISI using an algorithm INTERPOL and the R factor was then estimated using the EI30 measurement. The technique used improved the results of their analysis. The simplest technique is the one used by Yitayew et al., (1999) where they converted on-site rain gauge data to energy intensity (EI) values and multiplying it by the maximum 30-min rainfall intensity expressed.

Renard and Freimund (1994) propose using the monthly and mean annual rainfall in environments with available long-term rainfall data, in the modified Fournier index, F, previously introduced by Sauerborn et al., (1999). However, the most widely used technique nowadays for deriving the surface cover factor is by employing remote sensing techniques in producing land use/cover classification from satellite. Lu. (2004).

Despite the critical role of soil as a resource for sustaining life, there exists a significant knowledge gap in the comprehensive analysis of soil erosion, particularly concerning different locations and the methods used for assessment. Existing studies have predominantly focused on utilizing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and models such as the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), along with land cover and land use analysis. However, these approaches often overlook the importance of engaging with communities affected by erosion, especially through methods like questionnaires.

In light of this gap, the present research aims to bridge the knowledge divide by conducting a thorough analysis of soil erosion. This study will incorporate questionnaires to gather insights from those directly impacted, evaluating the findings and underlying causes of soil erosion. By doing so, the research will provide a comprehensive understanding of the issue and inform effective management strategies.


1.2.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Which areas are covered by gullies in the study area?

2. What are the effects of soil erosion on infrastructure?


1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

1.3.1 AIM

The aim of this study is to comprehensively analyze the impact of soil erosion in Dutse, Jigawa State.


  1.3.2 Objectives:

I.            To identify areas covered by gullies in the study area.

II.            To analyze the effects of soil erosion on infrastructure.


1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study will focus on Dutse and its immediate surroundings within Jigawa State, Nigeria.

The research will encompass historical data, recent trends, and future projections related to soil erosion over the past several decades.


1.5 STUDY AREA

Dutse is the capital city of Jigawa State located in the Northern part of Nigeria between latitude 11’44.2N and longitude 09’21.58E. It covers a total land area of about 22,410 square km and has a population of about 251,135 people; while the total population of Jigawa State stands at 4,361,002 (National Bureau of Statistics, 2012). Statistical analysis revealed that the mean annual temperature is about 270C with an annual rainfall of 1000-1,200mm. However, the area has only two seasons (rainfall season and dry season) and there is a clear distinction between the two seasons. The rainfall season usually commences from May-September and end early October in some occasions, the remaining part of the year is dry. Mansur and Muhammad (2016) reported that the nature of the soil is sandy and different types of rocks dominate the study area which varies considerably in texture, colour, porosity or permeability and mode of occurrence with varying degree of resistance to erosion.

The study area is Dutse Local Government Area in Jigawa State, located in northern Nigeria. This area is situated at approximately 11°44.2'N latitude and 09°21.58'E longitude, with an elevation of 780 meters. Dutse Local Government has an estimated population of 251,135, within the broader Jigawa State population of 4,361,002. Climate data indicates a mean annual temperature of about 27°C and an average annual rainfall of 1000 mm. The rainy season typically begins in May and lasts through September, sometimes extending into early October. Relative humidity levels generally reach up to 90%, though they tend to fluctuate, especially in July, when they decrease to between 60% and 80%.


1.6 SIGNIFICANCE AND JUSTIFICATION

This research is significant as it addresses an environmental issue critical to Dutse's sustainable development, including its economy, food security, and environmental well-being. By providing empirical data and evidence-based recommendations, this study aims to guide local authorities and communities in mitigating soil erosion impacts effectively.


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