ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine the
antibiotic resistance profile of Escherichial Coli isolate from apparently
healthy domestic livestock viz: cow, goats and chicken from Osun State Nigeria.
E. Coli was isolated using Eosin methylene Blue Agar (EMB) and identified by
conventional microbiological technique. The isolate were tested against 14
antibiotics using the disc diffusion method. A total of 42 different
antibiotics resistance profile were observed with each isolate showing
resistance to at least four or more drugs tested. Generally, the E. coli
isolates showed resistance rates of 93.8% to Ampicilin; 15.3% to
Chloramphenicol, 52.7% to cloxacillin, 74.3% Erythromycin, 20.9% to Gentamicin,
53.8% to Penicillin, 17.7% to Streptomycin, 67.3% to Tetracyclin, 21.1% to
Ceftazidine 70.7% to Cefuroxine, 20.5% to Cefixine, 28.8% to Ofloxacine, 58.6%
to Augmentin, 27.2% to Nitorfurantion 27.3% to Ciprofloxacin. Statistical
analysis showed that average number of resistance phenotypes per isolate was
significantly higher for cow compared with poultry. A significant public health
concern observed in this study is that multi drug resistant: commensal E. Coli
strains may constitute a potential reservoir of resistance genes that could be
transferred to pathogenic bacteria.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents i
Title page ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Table of content
vi
Abstract vii
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction 1
CHAPTER TWO
Literature review 3
History of antibiotics 3
Early antibacterial agents 3
Development of penicillin as a common antibacterial agent 4
The public becomes aware of penicillin 4
Early warning of antibiotics resistance 5
Other early antibiotics 6
History of E. coli 6
Biology and biochemistry of E. coli 7
Diversity of E. coli 8
Serotype of E. coli 8
Neotype strain E. coli 8
Phylogeny of Escherichia coli strains 9
Genomes 9
Role of E. coli as normal microbiota 9
Role of E. coli in diseases 10
Role of E. coli in biotechnology 10
Model organism 11
CHAPTER THREE
Materials and Methods 12
Sample collection 12
Materials 12
Autoclaving 12
Media preparation 12
Cultivation of Escherichia coli 13
Sub-culturing 13
Characterization and identification of E. coli 13
Indole test 13
Methyl red test 14
Citrate test 14
Fermentation of sugars 14
Antibiotics susceptibility test 14
CHAPTER FOUR
Results and Discussion 15
Result 15
Table 16
Results analysis 17
Discussion 17
CHAPTER FIVE
Recommendations 19
Conclusion 19
References 20
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Antibiotic
usage is considered the most important factor promoting the
emergence, selection and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms
in both veterinary and human medicine (Daniel et al, 2009). Antibiotic usage
selects for resistance not only in pathogenic bacteria but also in the
endogenous flora of exposed individuals (animals and humans). Antibiotics are
used in animals as in humans for therapy and control of bacterial infections.
In intensively reared food animals, antibiotics may be administered to whole
flocks rather than individuals animals, and antimicrobial agents may be
continually fed to food animals such as poultry, goats and cattle as growth
promoters. Therefore, the antibiotic selection pressure for resistance in
bacteria in poultry is high and consequently their faecal flora contains a
relatively high proportion of resistant bacteria (Literak et al, 2010).
The
mechanism of spread of antibiotic resistance from animals to humans remains
controversial. Colonization of the intestinal tract with resistant Escherichia
coli from chicken has been shown in human volunteers and there is historical
evidence that animals are a reservoir for E. coli found in humans (Akwar et al,
2008). Spread of an antibiotic resistance plasmid in E coli from chickens to
human handlers was described by Levy et al. Other have also presented evidence
of spread of antibiotic – resistant microorganisms from poultry to humans in
various countries (Fang et al, 2008).
Resistance
has been found in organisms common to both humans and animals such as E. coli salmonella
spp., campylobacter spp and Enterococcus among
others (Davis et al, 2009). Due to the intricate balance of microfilaria of
different habitats within the ecosystem, the transfer of resistance genes among
bacteria occupying different habitats has the potential to occur frequently.
Widespread
reliance on antimicrobials in food animal production has resulted in an
considerable rise of the treatment of infections diseases in livestock,
comparium animals and humans. This has led to important changes in the
perceptions and priorities of regulatory agencies with regard to antimicrobial
usage, particularly agents. The selective pressure from the use of
antimicrobial agents at sub therapeutic levels in dairy cattle could result in
the selection of those strains that contains genes for antimicrobial resistance
(Call et al, 2008).
Molecular
tools have been used to correlate animal associated pathogens with similar
pathogens affecting humans and to clearly demonstrate transferable resistant
gene carried by plasmid common to both animals and humans (Pitout et al, 2009).
The possibility of antibiotic resistance genes circulating among humans,
animals and the environment constitutes a direct to public health. This threat
prompts research into emerging resistance mechanisms novel approaches to
antimicrobial efficacy and stringent control measures in the prudent use of
antimicrobials in animal medicine.
In
the developed world, the extensive use of antibiotics in agriculture, especially
for prophylactic and growth promoting purposes, has generated much debate as to
whether this practice contributes significantly to increased frequencies and
dissemination of resistance genes into other ecosystems. In developing
countries like Nigeria, antibiotics are used only when necessary, especially,
if the animals fall sick, and only the sick ones are treated in such cases.
However, even in the absence of heavy use of antibiotics it is important to
identify and monitor susceptibility profitless of bacterial isolates,
particularly of commensal organisms. This, according to John and Fishman (1997)
will provide information on resistance trends including emerging antibiotics
which are essential for clinical practice.
This
work was therefore, undertaken to investigate the antibiotic resistance profile
of E. coli isolates from apparently healthy domestic livestock.
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