ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PROFILE OF ESCHERICHIA COLI FROM POULTRY FARMS

ABSTRACT

The use antibiotics in poultry poses a risk of dissemination of antibiotic resistant bacterial pathogen in the general public. The aim of this study was to assess the antibiotic resistance profile of E.coli isolated from poultry farms in Umuahia. A total of 50 samples made up of 25 cloacal and 25 fecal samples gotten from different poultry farms in Umuahia were taken to the laboratory for microbial analysis. The isolates were characterized based on colonial morphology and biochemical characterization and were subjected to different commercial antibiotic disk. A total of 18(36.0%) isolates were obtained from the 50 samples which were subjected to various antibiotic drugs using disc diffusion method. All the isolates 18(100%) showed 100% resistance to Augumentin, Cefuroxime, Impenem, Cefexime while others showed low levels of resistance. A total of sixteen (16) strains of E.coli isolates were multidrug resistance to three (3) antibiotic drugs namely Augumentin, Ceftriaxone and Cefotaxime.  From this study, it shows there is a need for continuous monitoring of antibiotics susceptibility pattern in order to influence antibiotics use among farm animals by farmers and protect presently effective antibiotics used against E.coli infections.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page                                                                                                                                i

Certification                                                                                                                            ii

Dedication                                                                                                                               iii

Acknowledgements                                                                                                                iv

Table of Contents                                                                                                                   v

List of Tables                                                                                                                          vii

Abstract                                                                                                                                   ix

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION                                                                                                          1

1.1  Aim And Objectives                                                                                                   3

 1.2 Objectives                                                                                                                        3

CHAPTER TWO

2.0LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Escherichia coli                                                                                                                4

2.2 Diversity of Escherichia coli                                                                                            4

2.3 Antibiotic Resistance                                                                                                        6

2.4 Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli in Poultry Environment                                    10

2.5 Survival and Growth of Escherichia coli in Natural Environment                                12

2.6 Environmental Factors Influencing the Growth and Survival                                          13

of Escherichia coli

2.6.1 Temperature                                                                                                                  13

2.6.2 Water availability                                                                                                          14

2.6.3 Nutrient availability                                                                                                      14

2.6.4 pH                                                                                                                                  15

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS                                                                                   16

3.1 Sample Collection                                                                                                            16

3.2 Preparation of Media                                                                                                        16

3.3 Sterilization                                                                                                                      16

3.4 Enumeration of Microorganisms From Poultry Samples                                                 16

3.5 Biochemical and Characterization OF Isolates                                                                17

3.5.1 Gram Staining                                                                                                               17

3.5.2 Indole Test                                                                                                                     17

3.5.3 Hydrogen Sulphide (H₂S) Production Test                                                                   18

3.5.4 Citrate Test                                                                                                                    18

3.5.5 Urease Test                                                                                                                    18

3.6 Antibiotic Sensitivity Tests                                                                                              19

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS                                                                                                                        20

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION                                    25

5.1       Discussion                                                                                                                   25

5.2       Conclusion                                                                                                                  27

5.3       Recommendation                                                                                                        28        References                                                                                                                  29

LIST OF TABLES

Table                           Title                                                                Page

1                      Frequency of Isolation of E.coli isolates                                                        21

2                      Morphological and Biochemical characteristics of the isolate             22

3                      Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of E.coli Isolate                                          23

4                      Drug Resistance Pattern of E.coli isolate                                                       24

CHAPTER ONE

1.0  INTRODUCTION

Antibiotic resistance is a significant worldwide public health concern both because of resistance found in specific pathogens and because resistance harbored by commensal organisms may serve as a reservoir of traits that can be disseminated to pathogens (Li and Wang, 2010). Antibiotic resistant bacteria that normally pose no immediate disease risk can also become opportunistic pathogens that complicate post-operative recovery or otherwise become problematic for immunocompromised individuals (Bonomo, 2011). While a number of ecological factors probably contribute to the dissemination and maintenance of antibiotic resistance traits, it is clear that antibiotic use is a primary factor that selects for the evolution and amplification of antibiotic resistant bacteria in humans and animals. The rising prevalence of antibiotic resistance is a particularly important problem in developing countries where there is limited control of the quality, distribution and use of antibiotics in human medicine, veterinary medicine, and food-animal agriculture (Okeke et al., 2010).

 Escherichia coli  have been observed to contaminate poultry meat of retail market in Nigeria, with Escherichia coli  contamination accounting for 43.4% of chicken meat and 39.1% of turkeys. However, evidence of a growing and varied presence of antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli (Escherichia coli ) has been observed, especially in Imo state and other parts of the country without any seasonal variation. This antibiotic resistance can be found among both pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli   in commercially available broilers. Majority of the strains of Escherichia coli  do not cause disease, but the virulent strains can cause diseases such as gastroenteritis, urinary tract infections, neonatal meningitis, hemorrhagic colitis and Crohn’s disease in humans. In rare cases, virulent strains are also responsible for hemolytic-uremic syndrome, peritonitis, mastitis, septicaemia and gram-negative pneumonia.6 some common signs and symptoms of infection by Escherichia coli  include severe abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis and sometimes fever. Very young children are most susceptible to develop severe illness such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), however healthy individuals of all ages are at risk to the severe consequences that may arise as a result of being infected with Escherichia coli  (Hessain et al., 2013)  Indiscriminate and irrational use of antibiotics, as whole flocks are most times treated with antibiotics rather than sick individual birds, is largely responsible for the widespread development of antibiotic resistance with a progressive reduction in antibiotic efficacy in the treatment of bacterial infections in both humans and animals. This increases antibiotic selection pressure for resistance in bacteria among poultry and, consequently observation of a relatively high proportion of resistant bacteria among their bacterial flora. In animal farms such as poultry, drugs are used for both therapeutic and prophylactic purposes to the whole herd; and in many cases, in the earlier stage of life, as growth promoters, in sub-therapeutic concentrations. In humans, antibiotics are administered to sick individuals only. Most of the common infections that should otherwise be easily treatable in people with limited economic resources may now require expensive medical care, invariably making treatment unavailable to this large population of people (Lin et al., 2014).

Pathogenic Escherichia coli  cause serious food poisoning in humans and occasionally are responsible for product recalls due to contamination of food. In the United States, it is estimated that Escherichia coli  0157:H7 makes over 73,000 people/year sick, with an annual estimated 2,100 hospitalizations and 61 Escherichia coli -related deaths. Escherichia coli  from food animals were widely observed, thereby presenting antimicrobial resistance burdens, with the high possibility of limiting therapeutic options. Also, Gillings and Stokes, (2012) demonstrated the presenece of multi-drug resistant clones and resistance plasmids of Escherichia coli  among were commonly transmitted from broilers and turkeys to the farmers and those who slaughter these animals.

1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of the study is to access the antibiotic resistance profile of Escherichia coli isolated from poultry farms in Umuahia.

1.2       OBJECTIVES

a. To isolate and identify Escherichia coli from poultry farms in Umuahia

b. To determine the antibiotic resistance profile of the isolated Escherichia coli from poultry farms in Umuahia.

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