ABSTRACT
Antibiotic resistance is considered as a growing a threat to humans, animal and environmental health. The antibiotics resistance profile of bacteria isolated from cattle dung compost were investigated in this study. Windrow method was adopted for the cow dung composting while the isolation of bacteria was carried out by pour plate technique and the identification of the isolates were done using standard biochemical methods. The total heterotrophic showed that the highest count of 1.2 x 106 CFU/g was obtained at day 0 and the the least count of 6.5. x 106 CFU/g was obtained at day 6. The biochemical and morphological characteristics of isolates revealed that bacteria of the following genera were isolated Bacillus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas and Proteus and Micrococcus. The percentage occurrence of bacteria isolated from cow dung compost sample showed that Bacillus spp. 25% had the highest percentage occurrence followed by Klebsiella spp 20% while Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7.5% had the least percentage occurrence. The resistance pattern of bacteria to tested antibiotics reveled that Pseudomonas aeruginosas was 100 % resistant to Augmentin and cefuroxime. The result of this study indicates that cow dung compost is a harbours antibiotics resistant bacteria which is a threat to human, animal and environmental health. Therefore it is important to reduce the load of antibiotic resistant bacteria that end up in the soil.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of Contents v
Lists of Tables viii
List of Figures ix
Abstract
x
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 Introduction
1
1.1 Aim
and Objectives 2
1.2
Objectives. 2
CHAPTER
TWO
2.0 Literature
Review 3
2.1 Cow Dung 3
2.2 Applications
of Cow Dung 4
2.2.1 Cow Dung as
a Source of Energy 4
2.2.2 Cow Dung In
Agriculture 7
2.4 Cow Dung In
Bioremediation 10
2.5 Cow Dung as A
Source Of Microbial Enzymes 13
2.6
Waste composting 14
2.6.1
Methods of Composting 16
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 Materials and
Methods 19
3.1
Collection of Samples 19
3.2 Composting 19
3.3 Media Used 20
3.4
Sterilization 20
3.5
Isolation of Bacteria 20
3.6
Identification and Characterization Of Isolates 21
3.6.1
Gram staining 21
3.6.2
Motility Test 21
3.7
Biochemical and Cultural Characteristics 21
3.7.1
Catalase test 21
3.7.2
Coagulase Test 22
3.7.3
Citrate Test 22
3.7.4
Indole Test 22
3.7.5 Methyl Red Test 22
3.7.6 Oxidase Test 23
3.7.7 Urease Test
23
3.7.8 Voges-proskaeur Test 23
3.7.9 Hydrogen Sulphide Test 24
3.7.10 Sugar Fermentation Test 24
3.8 Determination of
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern 24
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0
Results 26
CHAPTER
FIVE
5.0 Discussion, Conclusion And Recommendation 31
5.2
Conclusion 32
5.3
Recommendation 33
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title
Page
4.1 Total viable
microbial count of during composting of cow dung
4.2: Identification
and Characterization of Isolates
4.3 Percentage Occurrence of Microbial Isolates
from cow dung samples
4.4 Antibiotic Resistance Profile of the
Isolates
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Composting
a natural biological process is the controlled decay of organic matter in a
warm moist environment by action of bacteria, fungi and other organisms
(Salvator and Sabee, 1995). The process can either be anaerobic or
aerobic, but it is much faster and less odourferous if done aerobically. Composting
provides a means of recycling solid wastes and has the potential to manage most
of the organic material in the waste stream including restaurant waste,leaves,
farm wastes, animal manure, paper products, sewage sludge and domestic wastes. The organic waste materials mainly of animal
and plant origin are potential sources of organic matter and plant nutrient
(Adeniran et al., 2003) and the benefits derived from utilization of
these organic materials ranges from improvement of soil fertility to a reliable
means of waste State.
Composting
increases nutritive value while reducing odour and bulk. Cow dung manure is a
nitrogen rich material and is of economic importance as fertilizer, feed
supplement or as energy sources. Cow dung manure has been used to supply
nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous and calcium to the soil for plant production (Azim
et al., 2018). Cow dung has a
relatively high carbon to the nitrogen ratio.
There
are larger organisms present in compost known as the physical decomposers that
chew and grind their way through compost heap and are higher up in the food
chain (Taiwo, 2011). Most of these groups function best at moderate or
mesophilic temperature. Examples of the physical decomposers are sow bugs,
worms, mites, millipedes and flies.
Overuse of antimicrobial drugs has resulted in
the emergence and reemergence of the infectious diseases caused by resistant
microorganisms (Fleming, 1929; Schatz et
al., 1944; Kardos and Demain, 2011; Kaaria et al., 2015; Ling et al.,
2015). The bacterial resistance is of great concern as it not only increase the
substantial morbidity and mortality but also the cost of treatment (Naiemi et al., 2006; Sikarwar and Batra, 2011;
Abo-State et al., 2012; Aly et al., 2012; Jeyasanta et al., 2012; Ullah et al., 2012; Desriac et al.,
2013; Sharif et al., 2013).
Although
cow dung can be considered as gold mine of microorganisms with over 60
different bacterial species and 100 species of protozoa and yeast such as Citrobacterkoseri, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia
coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella
pneumoniae, Kluyveraspp., Morgarella morganii, Pasteurella spp., Providencia alcaligenes, Providencia stuartii, Pseudomonas spp., Nocardia, Mucor and Rhizopus
sp. have been identified from cow dung compost. (Azim et al., 2018; Li et al.,
2017). It can also be a channel for distribution of resistant gene, as the use
of antibiotics on livestock in Nigeria is not strictly regulated.
1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The
aim of the study is to evaluate the antibiotic resistance profile of bacteria
from cow dung compost.
1.2 OBJECTIVES
1.
To isolate bacteria from
cowdung compost.
2.
To identify and
characterize different bacterial species from cow dung compost.
3.
To determine their
antibiotic resistant profile.
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