ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Salmonella isolated from various poultry farms in Umuahia North and Umuahia South local government area. A total of thirty-five (35) Salmonella isolates obtained from poultry environmental specimen (litter, feed, droppings and water), were tested using diffusion disc agar susceptibility using Kirby-Bauer Method. The strains of Salmonella were more susceptible to Ofloxacin having 24(68.6%) susceptibility with (17.1%) reduced intermediate susceptibility, and Cefotaxime 19(51.3%) susceptibility with (2.9%) reduced intermediate susceptibility. The isolates were highly resistant. This study has indicated that strains of Salmonella present in the poultry farms are resistant to commonly used antibiotics, which is of public health importance.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
page i
Certification ii
Dedication
iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table
of contents v-vi
List
of Tables
viii
List
of figures
ix
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1
1.0
Introduction
1-2
1.1 Aims
and Objective 3
CHAPTER
TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
4
2.0
Brief history of Salmonella 4
2.1
Classification of Salmonella 4-5
2.1.1
Media for identification and Isolation
5-6
2.1.2
Differential and selective solid media
6-8
2.2
Pathogenecity and epidemiology of Salmonella
9
2.3
Morphology of Salmonella 9-10
2.4
The Poultry
10-11
2.5Antimicrobial
susceptibility 11-13
2.6
Control and treatment 13-14
CHAPTER THREE:
MATERIALS AND METHODS 15
3.1.2
Preparation of Culture media 15
3.2
Isolation and characterization of isolates 15-16
3.3
Biochemical Confirmation of salmonella
isolates 16
3.4
Antimicrobial Sensitivity Test 16-17
3.4.1
Inoculation of Plates 16-17
3.4.2
Reading of Zones of Inhibition 17
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS 18
CHAPTER
FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION 26
5.1
Discussion
26-27
5.2 Conclusion
27
5.3
Recommendation
28
References
Appendix
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page
Table
1 Show the occurrence of Salmonella across the
poultry farms. 19
Table 2 shows
the antimicrobial
Susceptibility profile of Salmonella
isolates
from Oji integrated poultry farms in Ubakala
Umuahia South. 20
Table 3 Shows
the antimicrobial
Susceptibility profile of Salmonella isolates
from
Gochiez
poultry farms in Umuahia South 21
Table 4 Shows general antimicrobial susceptibility profile of
Salmonella
Isolates
in the two poultry farms 23
Table 5 Diameter zone of inhibition of the various
Antibiotics agents
against Salmonella
isolates from the two poultry farms in
Umuahia
(Interpretative
reference ranges for the antimicrobial agent in bracket) 25
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure
Title Page
1
Antimicrobial Susceptibility profile of the
isolates from the two poultry farms 24
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 Introduction
Food borne disease (FBD) has emerged as an
important issue of growing public health and economic problem in many
countries. The ultimate goal of all food safety programs is to stop
contaminated food products from reaching the consumer. Surveillance for food
borne diseases is conducted to delineate the occurrence and burden of important
public health concern (Olasunmbo et al.,
2014). The poultry environment has long been acclaimed as a potential source of
antimicrobial resistant bacteria, acting as a possible reservoir for the
dissemination of these organisms to man via the food chain (poultry meat),
person to person contact (handlers) and environment (poultry waste disposal,
organic fertilizers). Initial concerns for the possible role this environment
plays as a reservoir of antibiotic resistant bacteria stemmed from the
uncontrolled use of sub-lethal doses of antibiotics in the poultry industry as
“growth promoters”. Over the years, this was thought to have caused the high
levels of resistance in both commensals and pathogens associated with poultry.
Several strict guidelines were therefore put in place limiting the use of
medically important antibiotics as growth promoters with the expectation that
this would result in a reduction in risk to man. In Nigeria specifically however, with poultry farming mainly characterized
by small scale farming (<500 birds), there appears to be a lack of proper
veterinary monitoring and a misuse of antibiotics both in prophylaxis and
therapy, compounded with a lack of adhesion to “withdrawal” time prior to sale
and consumption (Fagbamila. et al.,2010).
Numerous studies have been geared towards assessing the prevalence of
antibacterial resistant isolates in various poultry samples in a bid to more
accurately define the threat this poses to humans. In Nigeria, these studies
have generally involved an assessment of drug resistance in bacteria isolated
from several poultry related samples,
such as living birds (Ajayi et al.,
2011), carcasses of both healthy and diseased animals (Adesiji, 2015), poultry
waste dumps, feed egg, fecal matter and litter. Salmonellosis is one of the
major food borne diseases in the world and it is estimated that 93.8 million
cases of gastroenteritis due to Salmonella
species occur globally each year, with 155,000 deaths (Majowicz et al., 2010). Foods of animal origin, especially poultry
and poultry products, are often involved in sporadic cases and outbreaks of
human salmonellosis (Sanchez-Vargas et al.,
2011). Prior to this (Abunna et al., 2017) also quoted that poultry and poultry
products are a common food borne illness vector and consistently among the
leading animal sources of Salmonella that
enter the human food supply. He also added that humans encountered this problem
by consuming raw or undercooked food especially of poultry and egg products.
The routine practice of using antimicrobial agents to livestock to prevent and
treat disease is an important factor in the emergence of antibiotic resistant
bacteria that are subsequently transferred to humans through the food chain
(Abunna et al., 2017). Most
infections caused by antimicrobial resistant Salmonella are acquired by contaminated foods of animal origin
indicated that the use of antibiotics for growth promotion is banned in
European Union (EU) but permitted in USA and Canada and much of the rest of the
world. Studies from different countries reveal that Salmonella serotypes isolated from foods of animal origin have multidrug
resistance profiles. The role of meat and poultry products in the dissemination
of antimicrobial-resistant zoonotic bacterial pathogens also is well documented
(Abunna et al., 2017). The poultry sector
can be characterized into three major production systems based on some selected
parameters such as breed, flock size, housing, feed, health, technology, and
bio-security. During a past decade, there has been gradual increase of
commercial small and medium scale, market oriented flock production over the
dominating traditional domestic poultry production. This reflects the efforts
of the Government to boost the productive basis of domestic birds within a
genetic improvement programme by introducing and distributing exotic breeds,
provide improved extension advice and services and to generally exploit the
capacity of the sector to boost rural productivity (with the implications
therein for raising incomes, providing employment and alleviating poverty).
These programmes have been introduced courtesy of poultry multiplication and
distribution centers (PMDC) (Gezahegn and Rich, 2010).
Thus, there is need for increased and
sustainable surveillance of the most risk factors and antimicrobial resistant
phenotypes of Salmonella isolates
from poultry and poultry products. Therefore, the present study was initiated
to isolate Salmonella from poultry
farms in Umuahia and to determine the magnitude of antimicrobial susceptibility
for the isolates. (Abunna et al., 2017)
1.1 Aims
and Objectives
1. To
estimate the susceptibility and resistance profile of the Salmonella isolates against commonly used antimicrobials.
2. To
provide information on the best choice of antimicrobials required for the
treatment of human food borne infections among humans and in the poultry
environment.
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