ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PROFILE OF SALMONELLA ISOLATES FROM POULTRY FARMS IN UMUAHIA

ABSTRACT

This study was carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Salmonella isolated from various poultry farms in Umuahia North and Umuahia South local government area. A total of thirty-five (35) Salmonella isolates obtained from poultry environmental specimen (litter, feed, droppings and water), were tested using diffusion disc agar susceptibility using Kirby-Bauer Method. The strains of Salmonella were more susceptible to Ofloxacin having 24(68.6%) susceptibility with (17.1%) reduced intermediate susceptibility, and Cefotaxime 19(51.3%) susceptibility with (2.9%) reduced intermediate susceptibility. The isolates were highly resistant. This study has indicated that strains of Salmonella present in the poultry farms are resistant to commonly used antibiotics, which is of public health importance.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                                                i

Certification                                                                                                                                     ii

Dedication                                                                                                                                        iii

Acknowledgements                                                                                                                iv                                                                                                                             

Table of contents                                                                                                                              v-vi

List of Tables                                                                                                                                    viii

List of figures                                                                                                                                     ix

Abstract                                                                                                                                   

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION                                                                                 1

1.0 Introduction                                                                                                                      1-2                                                                                           

1.1  Aims and Objective                                                                                                           3

CHAPTER TWO:    LITERATURE REVIEW                                                                4

2.0 Brief history of Salmonella                                                                                                          4

2.1 Classification of Salmonella                                                                                                        4-5

2.1.1 Media for identification and Isolation                                                                                      5-6

2.1.2 Differential and selective solid media                                                                                      6-8

2.2 Pathogenecity and epidemiology of Salmonella                                                                          9

2.3 Morphology of Salmonella                                                                                                          9-10

2.4 The Poultry                                                                                                                                   10-11

2.5Antimicrobial susceptibility                                                                                                          11-13

2.6 Control and treatment                                                                                                       13-14        

CHAPTER THREE:    MATERIALS AND METHODS                                                   15

3.1.2 Preparation of Culture media                                                                                        15

3.2 Isolation and characterization of isolates                                                                            15-16

3.3 Biochemical Confirmation of salmonella isolates                                                           16      

3.4 Antimicrobial Sensitivity Test                                                                                         16-17

3.4.1 Inoculation of Plates                                                                                                      16-17

3.4.2 Reading of Zones of Inhibition                                                                                     17

CHAPTER FOUR:   RESULTS                                                                                          18

CHAPTER FIVE:    DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 26

5.1 Discussion                                                                                                                             26-27

5.2 Conclusion                                                                                                                           27

5.3 Recommendation                                                                                                                                  28

      References       

     Appendix

LIST OF TABLES

Table                                            Title                               Page

Table   1          Show   the occurrence of Salmonella across the poultry farms.              19

Table 2            shows the antimicrobial Susceptibility profile of Salmonella isolates

from Oji integrated poultry farms in Ubakala Umuahia South.              20

Table 3            Shows the antimicrobial Susceptibility profile of Salmonella isolates from

                        Gochiez poultry farms in Umuahia South                                                      21

Table 4            Shows general antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Salmonella                 

                        Isolates in the two poultry farms                                                                    23

Table 5            Diameter zone of inhibition of the various Antibiotics agents

against Salmonella isolates from the two poultry farms in Umuahia

(Interpretative reference ranges for the antimicrobial agent in bracket)       25

LIST OF FIGURE

Figure                                                  Title                                     Page

1          Antimicrobial Susceptibility profile of the isolates from the two poultry farms  24

 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

Food borne disease (FBD) has emerged as an important issue of growing public health and economic problem in many countries. The ultimate goal of all food safety programs is to stop contaminated food products from reaching the consumer. Surveillance for food borne diseases is conducted to delineate the occurrence and burden of important public health concern (Olasunmbo et al., 2014). The poultry environment has long been acclaimed as a potential source of antimicrobial resistant bacteria, acting as a possible reservoir for the dissemination of these organisms to man via the food chain (poultry meat), person to person contact (handlers) and environment (poultry waste disposal, organic fertilizers). Initial concerns for the possible role this environment plays as a reservoir of antibiotic resistant bacteria stemmed from the uncontrolled use of sub-lethal doses of antibiotics in the poultry industry as “growth promoters”. Over the years, this was thought to have caused the high levels of resistance in both commensals and pathogens associated with poultry. Several strict guidelines were therefore put in place limiting the use of medically important antibiotics as growth promoters with the expectation that this would result in a reduction in risk to man. In Nigeria specifically however, with poultry farming mainly characterized by small scale farming (<500 birds), there appears to be a lack of proper veterinary monitoring and a misuse of antibiotics both in prophylaxis and therapy, compounded with a lack of adhesion to “withdrawal” time prior to sale and consumption (Fagbamila. et al.,2010). Numerous studies have been geared towards assessing the prevalence of antibacterial resistant isolates in various poultry samples in a bid to more accurately define the threat this poses to humans. In Nigeria, these studies have generally involved an assessment of drug resistance in bacteria isolated from several  poultry related samples, such as living birds (Ajayi et al., 2011), carcasses of both healthy and diseased animals (Adesiji, 2015), poultry waste dumps, feed egg, fecal matter and litter. Salmonellosis is one of the major food borne diseases in the world and it is estimated that 93.8 million cases of gastroenteritis due to Salmonella species occur globally each year, with 155,000 deaths (Majowicz et al., 2010).  Foods of animal origin, especially poultry and poultry products, are often involved in sporadic cases and outbreaks of human salmonellosis (Sanchez-Vargas et al., 2011). Prior to this (Abunna et al., 2017) also quoted that poultry and poultry products are a common food borne illness vector and consistently among the leading animal sources of Salmonella that enter the human food supply. He also added that humans encountered this problem by consuming raw or undercooked food especially of poultry and egg products. The routine practice of using antimicrobial agents to livestock to prevent and treat disease is an important factor in the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria that are subsequently transferred to humans through the food chain (Abunna et al., 2017). Most infections caused by antimicrobial resistant Salmonella are acquired by contaminated foods of animal origin indicated that the use of antibiotics for growth promotion is banned in European Union (EU) but permitted in USA and Canada and much of the rest of the world. Studies from different countries reveal that Salmonella serotypes isolated from foods of animal origin have multidrug resistance profiles. The role of meat and poultry products in the dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant zoonotic bacterial pathogens also is well documented (Abunna et al., 2017). The poultry sector can be characterized into three major production systems based on some selected parameters such as breed, flock size, housing, feed, health, technology, and bio-security. During a past decade, there has been gradual increase of commercial small and medium scale, market oriented flock production over the dominating traditional domestic poultry production. This reflects the efforts of the Government to boost the productive basis of domestic birds within a genetic improvement programme by introducing and distributing exotic breeds, provide improved extension advice and services and to generally exploit the capacity of the sector to boost rural productivity (with the implications therein for raising incomes, providing employment and alleviating poverty). These programmes have been introduced courtesy of poultry multiplication and distribution centers (PMDC) (Gezahegn and Rich, 2010).

Thus, there is need for increased and sustainable surveillance of the most risk factors and antimicrobial resistant phenotypes of Salmonella isolates from poultry and poultry products. Therefore, the present study was initiated to isolate Salmonella from poultry farms in Umuahia and to determine the magnitude of antimicrobial susceptibility for the isolates. (Abunna et al., 2017)

1.1 Aims and Objectives

1. To estimate the susceptibility and resistance profile of the Salmonella isolates against commonly used antimicrobials.

2. To provide information on the best choice of antimicrobials required for the treatment of human food borne infections among humans and in the poultry environment.

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