ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY PROFILE OF SALMONELLA AND ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATED FROM POULTRY FARMS

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study is to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility profile of Salmonella and Escherichia coli isolated from poultry farms in Umuahia, Abia State. A total of Two hundered and forty six (246) samples were randomly collected from four different source within the poultry farms. A loopful of the samples were cultured on Sorbitol MacConkey agar, Salmonella Shigella agar, Eosin Methylene Blue agar and Mueller Hinton agar for Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and incubated at 370C for 24hours. From the results obtained in the study, The total isolation rate of Salmonella species from different poultry farms in Umuahia  was 28(77.84%).Feacal droppings had 6(16.68%), Feed sample had 6(16.68%),Litter had  9(25%), while water had  7(19.46%). The overall isolation rate of E. coli was 18(50%) of which Feacal droppings had 7(19.46%),Feed sample had  4(11.12%), litter had 3(8.34%) while water had 4(11.12%). Out of the 36(100%) samples collected from poultry farms in umuahia, Salmonella was isolated from 28(77.84%) samples while E.coli was isolated from 18(50%) samples. The results of the Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of E. coli and Salmonella spp. isolated from poultry farms in Umuahia shows that the highest level of resistance by E. coli were against Ceftriazone (27.8%) and Cefotaxime(27.8%). Low levels of resistance of E. coli were recorded for Nitrofurantoine(5.56%), Cefuroxime(5.56%), Cefepime(5.56%),Imipenem(5.56%) and Gentamicin (5.56%). The highest levels of sensitivity were against Cefuroxime(27.8%),Gentamicin(22.24%) and Ofloxacim(22.24%). Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern for Salmonella spp. showed highest resistance against Augumentin (100%),Cefotaxime (53.55%),and Ceftriazone (39.27%). Highest level of susceptibility of Salmonella were to Ofloxacin (74.97%) and Gentamycin (39.27%). E. coli and Salmonella spp. pose serious public health and economic risks and have been isolated from chickens in poultry farms in Umuahia,Abia State with multiple antibiotic resistance. Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. were observed to be susceptible to ofloxacin. Indiscriminate use of antimicrobials has led to multidrug resistant strains of these bacteria. There is a need to improve the stewardship of the use of ofloxacin to avoid the emergence of resistance. Importantly, people purchasing either broiler or local chickens should ensure correct handling, preparation and cooking as there is a considerable risk of multidrug resistant bacteria being present from both sources, some of which could cause severe disease.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                                                                     i

Certification                                                                                                                  ii

Dedication                                                                                                                    iii

Acknowledgement                                                                                                        iv

Table of Contents                                                                                                          v

List of Tables                                                                                                                vii

Abstract                                                                                                                         vii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction                                                                                                             1

1.1 Problem Statement                                                                                                   5

1.2 Significance of Study                                                                                               6

1.3 Aim                                                                                                                        6

1.4 Objectives                                                                                                               6

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review                                                                                                    7

2.1 Poultry Production in Umuahia                                                                                 8

2.2.0 Salmonella species                                                                                                8                     

2.2.1 Introduction                                                                                                          8

2.2.2 Salmonella Infections                                                                                            9

2.3.0 Escherichia coli                                                                                                    12

2.3.1 Introduction                                                                                                          12

2.3.2 Escherichia coli Infections                                                                                    12

2.3.3 Antibiotic resistance                                                                                             14

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Materials and Methods                                                                                             17

3.1 Study Design                                                                                                           17

3.2 Study Sites                                                                                                              17

3.3 Sample Collection                                                                                                   17

3.4.1 Biochemical Testing                                                                                             18

3.4.2     Serotyping of Salmonella and E. coli isolates                                                      18       

3.4.3 Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing                                                                                 19

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Results                                                                                                                    20

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Discussion and Conclusions                                                                                     24

5.1 Discussion                                                                                                               24

5.2 Conclusions                                                                                                             26

5.3 Recommendation                                                                                                     27

References                                                                                                                    28

LIST OF TABLE

Table                       Title                                                               Page

1                            Isolation of Salmonella species and Escherichia coli

                              from broilers and local chickens                                                                     21

2                           Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern for the Escherichia coli isolates

                              (n = 18) from this study                                                                                  22

3                           Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern for Salmonella spp. (n = 28)                   23

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the infection of any part of the urinary tract which consists of the kidney, ureter bladder, and urethra. Any part of these structures can become infected. However, the infection of the bladder (cystitis) and the urethra (pyelonephritis) are the most common. Most UTIs are caused by bacteria that can live in the digestive tract, the vagina or around the urethra. Bacteria can enter the sterile urinary system through the urethra or more rarely through the blood stream (Feitosa et al., 2009).

The bacteria usually implicated in UTI patients include E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Proteus spp, Streptococcus facalis and Enterobacter spp (Oladeinde et al., 2015; Okonko et al., 2010; Al-Haddad, 2005). The prevalence and degree of occurrence of one or two of these microorganisms over others are dependent on the environment (Omonigbo et al., 2001).  Gram-negative bacteria have been found to be most frequent in UTI cases (Omonigbo et al., 2001; Ebie et al., 2001). UTI are known for their resistance and exhibit the property of antimicrobial tolerance (Foxman and Brown, 2003).

Stewart et al.,(1993) reported the isolation of an unusual multiple resistance Corynebacterium from urine of a comatose patient. The  pathogen was reported to be resistance to Sulphurfurazole, Trimethroprion, Nalidixic acid, Cefazolin, Floxacin, Norfloxacin, Vancomycin and Fusidin (Omonigbo et al., 2001). In healthy females, the prevalence of bacteriuria increases with age from 1% in females within 5-14 years of age to more than 20% in females at least 80 years of age (Colgan et al., 2006). This is higher among individuals in lower socioeconomic classes and those with past history of UTI (Turpin et al., 2007). Sickle cell trait, diabetes mellitus and grand multiparity have been reported to cause two-fold increase in the rate of bacteriuria (Enayat et al., 2008). There is also increase in the risk of developing UTI due to sexual activity, catheterization, contraceptive usage, urethral structure, kidney stone, etc (Emiru et al., 2013; Aboderin et al., 2009; Ramzan et al., 2004).

Urinary tract infection(UTI) is the most common infection experienced by humans after respiratory and gastro-intestinal infections and also the most common cause of both community-acquired and hospital acquired (nosocomial) infections for patients admitted to the hospitals (Najar et al.,2009). UTI can be asymptomatic or symptomatic characterized by a wide range of symptoms from mild voiding irritation to bacteraemia, sepsis or even death (Ranjbar et al., 2009).

Infection of the urinary tract could manifest differently depending on the site of the infection and length of time involved (Takhar, 2011). Those that affect the lower urinary tract are called cystitis(i.e. involving the bladder alone with symptoms including painful urination, burning sensation, frequent urination or urge to urinate or both while those that affect upper urinary tract are referred to as pyelonephritis(i.e. involve the kidneys and other organs (Sarah,2010). The symptoms of the upper urinary tract infection include fever and flank pain during urination in addition to those of the lower urinary tract (Sarah 2010).

Urinary tract infection occurs more frequently in females than males due to the shortness and width of the female urethra to the vagina which makes it liable to trauma during sexual intercourse as well as bacteria being passed from the urethra into the bladder during pregnancy (Ebie et al., 2001). The moist environment of the female’s perineum favours microbial growth and predisposes the female bladder to bacterial contamination (Ebie et al., 2001). In addition, urine of females was found to have more suitable pH and osmotic pressure for the growth of Escherichia coli than urine from males (Obiogbolu et al., 2004).

Most UTIs are caused by gram negative bacteria like Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp (Omonigho et al., 2001; Ebie et al.,2001). Other bacterial pathogens frequently isolated include gram positive bacteria such as Staph. aureus, Staph. epidermidis and Enterococcus spp formerly called Strept. Faecalis as well as Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, coagulase negative staphylococci, Acinectobacter spp and Serratia spp (Ebie et al.,2001).

Knowledge of the local bacterial aetiology and susceptibility pattern is required to trace any change that might have occurred with time so that updated recommendation for optimal empirical therapy of UTI can be made (Ebie et al.,2001). A number of studies have been done on the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of UTIs (Okonko et al., 2010).

1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study is to assess the urinary tract infection among female students of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike.

The objectives are:

1.     To isolate and identify bacterial pathogens associated with urinary tract infection.

2.     To determine the percentage occurrence of isolates from urine samples.

3.     To determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of microorganisms associated with urinary tract infection.

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