ABSTRACT
The in vitro antimicrobial activity of three groups of antibiotics was evaluated against clinical isolates of E.coli. The groups comprised aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones and the cephalosoprins. The E.coli one hundred (100) in number were isolated from urine, stool, high vaginal swab (HVS), ear swab and wound swab collected from different health care facilities in Umuahia Metropolis. The test was carried out by disc diffusion technique. E.coli from high vagina swab showed 84% susceptibility to streptomycin, 78% to gentamycin, 63% sensitivity to ciprofloxacin and 58% to ofloxacin, it was 68% resistant to ceftriaxone and 58% resistant to cefixime. E.coli from urine showed 84% sensitivity to streptomycin, 58% sensitivity to gentamycin and was 75% ,65%, 58% and 69% resistant to ceftriaxone, cefixime, ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin respectively. E.coli from ear swab was 86%, 71%, 64% sensitive to streptomycin, gentamycin and ciprofloxacin respectively and was 64%, 71% and 50% resistant to ceftriaxone, cefixime and ofloxacin respectively. In stool culture it was 83% sensitive to streptomycin and 67% to gentamycin, it was 100% resistant to ceftriaxone, 67% resistant to cefixime, 83% resistant to ciprofloxacin and 67% resistant to ofloxacin. In wound swab E.coli was 64% sensitive to streptomycin. 83% to gentamycin and 50% to ofloxacin and it was 100%, 100%, 50% resistant to ceftriaxone, cefixime and ciprofloxacin respectively. Streptomycin was the most effective followed by gentamycin.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Certification i
Dedication ii
Acknowledgement iii
Table of content iv
List of tables vii
Abstract viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1
Aim of Study 2
1.2
Objective of Study 2
1.3
Limitations 3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0
Literature review 4
2.1
ANTIBIOTICS 5
2.1.1
Aminoglycosides 5
2.1.2 Fluoroquinolone 7
2.1.3 Cephalosporin 9
2.2
Antimicrobial Activity 11
2.2.1
Antimicrobial activity in vitro
2.2.2 Antimicrobial activity in vivo 12
2.3 Resistance to
Antimicrobial Drug
2.4
Factors Affecting Antimicrobial Activity 12
2.5 Clinical
use of Antibiotics 12
2.6 Characteristics of Antibiotics 14
2.7 Escherchia coli 15
2.7.1
Morphology 15
2.7.2
Biochemical characteristics 15
2.7.3 Serotypes 15
2.7.4
Pathogenicity 18
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1
Study Area 26
3.2
Materials and Reagent 26
3.3
Sample collection 26
3.4
Media Preparation 27
3.5
Inoculation and Isolation 27
3.6
Identification of E. coli 27
3.6.1
Morphology 27
3.6.2
Gram Stain Test 28
3.6.3 Biochemical Characterization 29
3.6.3.1
Citrate test 29
3.6.3.2
Methyl Red Test: 30
3.6.3.3
Voges-Proskauer Test 30
3.6.3.4
Motility, Indole, Urease test (MIU) 31
3.6.3.5
Triple Sugar Iron Test: 32
3.7
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing 32
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0
RESULT 33
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION 37
5.1 CONCLUSION 38
5.2 RECOMMENDATION 38
REFERENCES
LISTS OF TABLES
TABLE Title Page
1 Sources of the isolates 34
2 Morphological and
biochemical identification of E. coli 34
3 No of isolates sensitive to
the following drugs (%) 35
4 No of isolates resistant to
the following drugs (%) 36
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Antimicrobial is an agent that kills microorganisms or inhibits their growth (Online Dictionary).
Antimicrobial activity is the ability of these agents to kill or inhibit the
growth of the microorganisms. Antibiotics
are the group of medicines that are produced by microorganisms or formulated
synthetically; they have dynamic property of inhibiting bacterial growth or
completely suppressing the toxic effects of microorganisms. Accessibility of
commercially available broad spectrum antibiotics causing multi drug resistance
remains a key global health issue (Khan et
al., 2011). Antibiotics have been used for decades but especially in Asia
region due to frequent administration of antibiotics in humans, common environmentally
existing bacteria are quickly becoming resistant to treatment with these drugs
(Hawser et al., 2007). Broad spectrum antibiotics have a comprehensive range of
coverage that contributes to the effectiveness of these medicines against both
gram positive and gram negative bacteria. E. coli is considered lethal and
virulent organism as it causes several infections which are intestinal or
extra-intestinal and is becoming a big contributor in morbidities and
mortalities worldwide (Hammerum and Heuer, 2009).
E. coli comprises of non-pathogenic
commensal isolates that forms part of the normal flora of humans and various
animals (Tenaillon et al., 2010). In humans, they are the
major aerobic organism residing in the intestine, typically with around 106 to
109 colony forming units per gram of stool (Tenaillon et al., 2010). The
organism is also found in soil and water, usually as a result of fecal contamination. Several
variants or pathotypes of E. coli have been described that
cause infections of the gastrointestinal system (i.e. intestinal
pathogenic E. coli) while other pathotypes cause infections outside
the gastrointestinal system (i.e. extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli
(Croxen and Finlay, 2010). E. coli is the most common cause of
urinary tract infections (UTIs) in humans (Foxman, 2010), and is a leading
cause of enteric infections and systemic infections (Kaper, 2004). The systemic
infections include bacteremia, nosocomial pneumonia, cholecystitis,
cholangitis, peritonitis, cellulitis, osteomyelitis, and infectious
arthritis. E. coli is also leading cause of neonatal
meningitis (Kim, 2012). A wide range of antimicrobial agents effectively
inhibit the growth of E. coli. The β-lactams
(Cephalosporins), fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides are often used to treat
community and hospital infections due to E. coli (Pitout, 2012).
β-lactams (Cephalosporins) disrupt cell wall synthesis by binding to
and inhibiting the penicillin-binding proteins essential for transpeptidation
and carboxypeptidation reactions in cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis.
Fluoroquinolones interfere with DNA supercoiling and promote DNA
gyrase-mediated double-stranded DNA. The aminoglycosides bind irreversibly to
the 50S subunit of the 70S bacterial ribosomes.
1.1
Aim of Study
The
aim of this study is to compare the antimicrobial activity of three groups of
antibiotics which are Cephalosporins, Aminoglycosides and the Floroquinolones
against E. coli isolated from clinical
specimens.
1.2
Objective of Study
The
objectives of this study is to:
·
To isolate and identify E. coli from clinical specimens.
·
To determine the
antibiotic susceptibility pattern of E.
coli against the group of antibiotics mentioned above.
·
To know the group of antibiotics
with the best antibacterial activity against E. coli.
1.4
Limitations
Availability
of typing sera would have helped to determine the various serotypes in
different clinical samples.
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