ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PROFILE OF ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATED FROM HEALTHY DOMESTIC LIVESTOCK

ABSTRACT

The antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Echerichia  coli isolated from faecal samples from healthy domestic livestock ( goats, local fowls and broilers)   was determined. Inoculation was carried out using the streaking method of inoculation and he sensitive was determined using the Disc diffusion method .50 E.coli strains were isolated from the three locations. In location 1 16(35.7%) were resistance to Ampicillin, 10(35.7%) to Gentamycin and 1(3.6%) to Ciprofloxacin. In location 2, 6(50.0%) were resistant to Ampicillin, 5(41.7%) to Gentamycin and streptomycin, while all the isolates were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin. In location 3, 6(60.0%) showed resistance to Ampicillin, while there is no evidence of resistant against Oxytetracyclin and ciprofloxacin 0(0.00%). Comparing Resistance rates according to all spruces of samples, 10(66.7%) of Goat isolates were resistance to Ampicillin, 7(46.7%) to Gentamycin and streptomycin respectively, 19(76.0%) from Local fowl isolates showed resistance to Ampicillin while the least percentage was recorded against ciprofloxacin 2(8.00%). From the broilers isolates 5(50.0%) were resistant to Ampicillin and Gentamycin and there was no evidence of resistance recorded against ciprofloxacin. The use of antibiotics in this feeding of these animals should be checked so as to reduce the development of drug resistance.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                                                                    i

Certification                                                                                                               ii

Dedication                                                                                                                  iii

Acknowledgment                                                                                                       iv

Table of content                                                                                                          v

List of Tables                                                                                                              vi

Abstract                                                                                                                      vii

CHAPTER     ONE

INTRODUCTION                                                   

1.1         Introduction                                                                                                   1

1.2         Aims and Objectives                                                                                     2

CHAPTER TWO

 LITERATURE REVIEW                                                                                       3

2.1   Classification of Escherichia Coli                                                                      4

2.2  Morphology and Identification of Escherichia Coli                                           4

2.3 classification of  Echerichia coli                                                                          5         

2.4  Escherichia Coli Strains                                                                                      5

2.5  Antigens                                                                                                               6

2.6  Epidemiology                                                                                                      6

2.7  Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia Coli                                                          7

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1       Material Used                                                                                                10

3.2       Sample Collection                                                                                         10

3.3       Preparation of Media                                                                                     10

3.4       Sample Cultivation                                                                                        11

3.5       Characterization and Identification of Bacterial Isolates                             11

   3.5.2   Gram Staining                                                                                                         12

3.5.2   Indole Test                                                                                                      12

3.5.3   Catalase Test                                                                                                   12

3.5.4   Citrate Test                                                                                                     13

3.5.5   Oxidase Test                                                                                                   13

3.6     Antibiotic Susceptibility Test                                                                          14

CHAPTER FOUR

Results                                                                                                                      15

CHAPTER FIVE

 Discussion                                                                                                                 20

5.1 Conclusion                                                                                                           21

 5.2 Recommendation                                                                                               21

    References   

LIST OF TABLES

Table                               Title                                                          Pages

1           Antimicrobial susceptibility of E-coli Isolates from Livestock in Umuwaoma Ngor-Okpala L.G.A Imo state.                    17

2           Frequency of Resistance of E. coli. Isolate from Different Families to Antimicrobial   Agents by Source of Sample.                18

3          Biochemical Identification of Echerichia coli                         19

CHAPTER ONE

            1.1      INTRODUCTION

Antibiotic usage is usually possibly the most important factors that promotes the emergence, selection and dissemination of antibiotic resistant microorganisms in both veterinary and human medicine (Daniels et al 2009).

This acquired resistance occurs not only in pathological bacteria but also in the endogenous flora if exposed individuals (animals and humans). In intensively reared food animals antibiotics may be administered to whole flocks rather than individual animals, and antimicrobial agents may be continuously feed to food animals such as poultry, goats and cattle as growth promoter. Therefore the antibiotic selection pressure for bacteria drug resistance in the animal is high and invariably their faecal flora contains a relatively high proportion of resistance bacteria (Whitworth et al; 2008, Literak et al; 2010). The mechanism for spreading antibiotic resistance for animals to humans and verse vice remains controversial. Colonization of the intestinal tract with resistance to E. coli  from chicken have been shown in human volunteers and there is historical evidence that animals are a reservoir for E.coli found in humans (A kwar et al ;2008,Kikuvi et al 2010). Furthermore, spread of antibiotic resistance plasmids in E.coli  from chickens to human handlers or of antibiotics-resistance microorganisms from animals to human in various countries has been reported (Fang et al; 2008).

Resistance has been found in organisms common to both humans and animals such as E.coil (Davis et al ; 2009). Due to the intricate balance of micro flora of different habitats within the ecosystem, the transfer of resistance genes among bacteria occupying different habitats has the potential to occur frequently.

Since transmission of resistance from animals to human (Kauiuki et al ; 1999) occur through various means, this study seeks to evaluate the incidence of antimicrobial resistance in E.coli isolated from livestock and poultry living in close contact.

Antimicrobial substances have been used for both treatment and prevention of bacterial disease for decades. Because of their incorrect usage, bacteria have developed, resistance to these substance (Singer et al ; 2003, Jackson et al ; 2004). However, even in the absence of heavy use of antibiotic .it is important to identify and monitor susceptibility profiles of bacterial isolates, particular of commensally organisms. This, according to John and Fishman (1997), will provide information on resistance trends including emerging antibiotic resistance. Healthy livestock used in this research which include goats, local fowls and broilers where gotten from Umuwaoma and there is no documented evidence of antibiotics use in the farm from which the samples were collected.

1.2       Aims and Objectives

1.     To isolates E.coli from healthy domestic livestock in Umuwaoma, Ngor-Okpala L.G.A Imo state.

2.     To determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of E.coli  isolated from healthy domestic livestock in Umuwaoma, Ngor-Okpala L.G.A Imo state.

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