ABSTRACT
The antibiotic
susceptibility pattern of E.coli in waste water from Umuahia Metropolis was
investigated. A total of 17 (85%) E.coli were isolated from the waste water
samples. All 17 isolates were subjected to antibiotics susceptibility test
using Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. A total of 12 antibiotic discs namely;
Ceftazidime (30mg), Cefuroxime (30mg), Gentamicin (10mg), Ciprofloxacin (5mg),
Ofloxacin (5mg), Augumentin (30mg), Nitrofurantoin (300mg), Ampicillin (10mg)
Imipenem (10mg), Menopenem (10mg), Aztreonam (30mg) and Ceftriaxone (30mg) were
used. The E.coli isolates showed highest susceptibility to both Gentamicin and
Ofloxacin (41.1%), followed by Ceftriaxone 76.5%. Also 17 (100%) of the
isolates were found to be multi drug resistant (MDR). The E.coli isolates were
screened for ESBLs in accordance to the CLSI breakpoint and 17(100) were
positive. On subjecting the 17CLSI positive isolates to double disc synergy
test (DDST), 12 (70.6%) were confirmed to be ESBL producers. This result shows
that waste waters found in Umuahia Metropolis could serve as a reservoir for
antibiotic resistant E.coli.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Aims
and Objectives
CHAPTER
TWO
2.1 Municipal Waste Water
2.1.1 Nature,
growth and survival characteristics of E.
coli
2.1.2 Epidemiology
of E. coli
2.1.3 Pathogenicity,
virulence and clinical features
2.1.3.1 ETEC (Enterotoxigenic E. coli)
2.1.3.2
EPEC (Enteropathogenic E. coli)
2.1.3.3
EHEC (Enterohemorrhagic E. coli) or
VTEC (Vero cytogenic E. coli)
2.1.3.4
EIEC (Enteroinvasive E. coli)
2.1.3.5
EAEC (Enteroaggregative E. coli)
2.1.3.6
DAEC (Diffusely adherent E. coli)
2.1.3.7
UPEC (Uropathogenic E. coli)
2.1.3.8
MAEC (Meningitis-associated E. coli)
2.1.4
Clinical syndromes
2.1.5 Detection of E. coli
2.1.6 Antibiotic considerations and multi-drug
resistance in E. coli
2.2 Antimicrobial
agents
2.2.1
Major classes of antibacterial drugs
2.2.2
Mechanism of action of antibiotics
2.2.3
Mechanism of antibiotics resistance in
enterobacteriacae
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHOD
3.1
Study area
3.2 Collection
of samples
3.3 Sterilization of Materials
3.4 Media Used and Their Preparation
3.5 Microbiological Analysis of Samples
3.5.1 Serial Dilution
3.5.2 Isolation of E. coli
3.6 Characterization and
Identification of the Bacterial Isolates
3.6.1 Purification and
storage of the isolates
3.6.2 Colonial morphology
3.6.3 Motility test
3.6.4 Gram staining
3.6.5 Biochemical tests
3.6.5.1 Indole test
3.6.5.2 Methyl red test
3.6.5.3 Voges Proskauer test
3.6.5.4 Catalase test
3.6.5.5 Citrate utilization
test
3.6.5.6 Oxidase test
3.6.5.7 Ornithine decarboxylase test
3.6.5.8 Triple sugar iron test
3.6.5.9 Lysine decarboxylase test
3.6.5.10 Urease test
3.7 Standardization of
inoculum
3.8 Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing
3.9 Clinical
Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) Breakpoint Test for ESBLs Screening
3.10 Double disc synergy
test (DDST) for ESBL confirmation
CHAPTER
FOUR
RESULTS
CHAPTER
FIVE
DISCUSSION,
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Discussion
5.2
Conclusion
5.3
Recommendation
REFERENCES
APPENDIX 1: Disc diffusion supplemented tables: performance standards for antimicrobial
susceptibility testing for entero bacteriaceae
APPENDIX 2
APPENDIX 3: Zones of inhibition for screening of the E. coli isolates for
ESBLs based on CLSI breakpoint using Ceftriaxone (CTR), Ceftrazidine (CAZ) and
Aztreonam (ATM) antibiotics
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Cultural, Morphological and Biochemical characteristic of the
Escherichia coli isolates
Table 2: Incidence
and Percentage Occurrence of the E.coli isolates in the Waste water samples
Table 3: Antibiotics
susceptibility pattern of the isolated E. coli isolates from the Waste water
samples
Table
4: The multiantibiotics resistance
(MAR )index of the E. coli isolates
Table 5: Percentage
Occurrence of ESBL producing E. coli
isolates based on CLS 1 break point
Table 6: Percentage
occurrence of ESBL producing E. coli isolates
based on the double disc synergy test (DDST)
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Waste
water is any water that has been affected by human use. It is “used water” from
any combination of domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural activities,
surface runoff or storm water and any sewer inflow or sewer infiltration (Tilley et al., 2016). Waste water is a
by-product of domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural activities.
Types of waste water include: domestic waste water from households municipal
waste water from communities (also called sewage) and industrial waste water
from industrial activities. According to WHO (2006), waste water can contain
physical (sand, grits, metals, ceramics), chemical (heavy metals,
pharmaceuticals, gases and pesticides) and biological pollutants (Bacteria,
viruses, parasites and protozoa).
Waste
water may be conveyed in a sanitary sewer which conveys only sewage or
transported in a combined sewer which includes storm water runoff and
industrial waste water. Waste water that is discharged into the environment
without suitable treatment causes water pollution, (Tilley et al, 2016). The use of untreated waste water for
irrigation purposes is of a great public health importance as waste waters has
also been linked to the dispersal of antibiotic resistance. The term antibiotic
resistance is a subset of antimicrobial resistance as it applies to only
bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics (WHO, 2014). Resistant microbes are
difficult to treat requiring alternative medications or higher doses of
antimicrobials. These approaches may be more expensive, more toxic or both
(CDC, 2018).
Growing
resistance has also been linked to the dumping of inadequately treated effluents
from pharmaceutical industry and hospital effluents (sewage) especially in
countries where bulk drugs are manufactured.
Also, antimicrobial resistance could be linked to the presence of
antimicrobial agents in waste water (Gulberg
et al., 2011).
1.1 Aims and Objectives
1. To
isolate and identify Escherichia Coli
from municipal waste water
2. To
determine the antimicrobial profile of the E.
Coli isolates
3. To
screen the E. coli for extended beta-lactamase
producers (ESBLS)
Buyers has the right to create
dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when
you experience issue with the file received.
Dispute can only be created when
you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of
contents and content of the file you received.
ProjectShelve.com shall either
provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or
send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and
Conditions are applied.
Buyers are expected to confirm
that the material you are paying for is available on our website
ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone
through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE
BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.
In case of payment for a
material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of
ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that
is available on our website within 48 hours.
You cannot change topic after
receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.
Login To Comment