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X-RAY MUTAGENIC EFFECT ON GERMINATION AND GROWTH OF AFRICAN YAM BEAN (SPHENOSTYLIS STENOCARPA HOCHST EX A. RICH)

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ABSTRACT

This research work was aimed at investigating the dosimetry of X-ray doses on two African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa Hochst ex A. Rich) accessions (Ikwuano and Akara), effects on different x-ray doses on the growth parameters. Seeds of the African yam bean accessions were arranged into six groups each into a brown envelope paper containing 25 seeds each. The first group served as the control whereas the other groups were bombarded with different x-ray doses (1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 MGy) respectively. The results of the dosimetry test showed that 8MGy recorded the optimum plant height curve on Akara while in Ikwuano, the optimum curve was 2 MGy. From the dosimetry test results, two dose ranges were chosen for further investigation. The effects of irradiation doses showed a significant increase in the number of leaves, plant height, leaf area, stem girth, number of branches, plant height and germination percentage of 2 MGy and 8 MGy of Ikwuano accession and 6 MGy and 8 MGy of Akara accession as compared with the control which recorded the lowest growth parameters. Among the doses, 2 MGy and 8 MGy respectively gave the highest effects. The present work has shown that irradiating African yam bean with X-ray were effective in improving the plant growth.






TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page                                                                                                                                i

Certification                                                                                                                           ii

Declaration                                                                                                                             iii

Dedication                                                                                                                              iv

Acknowledgement                                                                                                                  v

Table of contents                                                                                                                    vi

List of tables                                                                                                                           ix

List of plates                                                                                                                           x

List of figures                                                                                                                         xi

Abstract                                                                                                                                  xii

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION                                                                                                                  1

1.1        Background of study                                                                                             1

1.2        Justification                                                                                                          2

1.3        Aim and objectives                                                                                               4

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW                                                                                                       5

2.1       The Botany and Morphological Description of African yam bean                                     5

(Sphenostylis stenocarpa)

2.2       Taxonomy of Sphenostylis stenocarpa                                                                       6

2.3       Synonyms of African yam bean                                                                                 7

2.4       Cytogenetics of African Yam Bean                                                                           8

2.5       Geographical Distribution and Wide Adaptability of African Yam bean                 8

(AYB)

2.6       Intra-specific Variability and Diversity within African Yam Bean                                    10

2.7       Agronomy of African Yam Bean                                                                               11

2.8       Pests and Diseases of African Yam Bean                                                                  12

2.9       Biochemical Control Strategy for Some Economic Pests of Legumes                     13

2.10     Dosimetry                                                                                                                   14

2.11     Mutation Breeding for Crop Improvement                                                                14

CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         15

3.1       Study Area                                                                                                                  15

3.1.1    Collection of Planting Materials                                                                                15

3.1.2    Irradiation of Planting Materials                                                                                15

3.1.3    Experimental Design                                                                                                  16

3.1.4    Data Collection                                                                                                           16

3.1.5    Statistical Analysis                                                                                                     17


CHAPTER 4

RESULTS                                   

4.1      Results                                                                                       18

4.1.1    Dosimetry Test                                                                                                           18

4.1.2    The Effect of X-ray Doses on Plant Height (cm) of Akara Accession                    22

4.1.3    The Effect of X-ray Doses on Plant Height (cm) of Ikwuano Accession                    24

4.1.4    The Effects of X-ray Doses on Number of Leaves Per Plant in

            Akara Accession                                                                                                         26

4.1.5    The Effects of X-ray Doses on Number of Leaves Per Plant in

            Ikwuanoccession                                                                                                        28

4.1.6    The Effect of X-Ray Doses on Leaf Area Per Plant (cm2) in Akara Accession        29

4.1.7    The Effect of X-Ray Doses on Leaf Area Per Plant (cm2) in

            Ikwuano  Accession                                                                                                    31

4.1.8    The Effect of X Ray Doses on Number of Branches Per Plant in

            Akara Accession                                                                                                         33

4.1.9    The Effect of X Ray Doses on Number of Branches Per Plant in

            Ikwuano Accession                                                                                                     35

4.1.10  The Effect of X-Ray Doses on Stem Girth (cm) in Akara Accession                        38                                                                                                                 

4.1.11  The Effect of X-Ray Doses on Stem Girth (cm) in Ikwuano Accession                    39

4.1.12  Effects of X-Ray Doses on Germination Percentage (%) of Akara Accession        41

4.1.13  The Effects Of X-Ray Doses On Germination Percentage (%) of

            Ikwuano Accession                                                                                                     43

CHAPTER 5

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION                                                                                    51

5.1       Discussion                                                                                                                   51

5.2       Conclusion                                                                                                                  53

5.3       Recommendations                                                                                                      53

REFERENCES                                                                                                                       54

APPENDIX





 

LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1.2      Effects of X-ray doses on plant height of the three Akara accession                     22

Table 4.1.3      Effects of X-ray doses on plant height of Ikwuano accession                     24

Table 4.1.4      The effect of X-ray doses on number of leaves per plant in Akara              26

Table 4.1.5      The effects of x-ray doses on number of leaves per plant in

                        Ikwuano accession                                                                                          28

Table 4.1.6      The effect of x-ray doses on leaf area per plant in Akara                            30

Table 4.1.7      The effect of x-ray doses on leaf area per plant in Ikwuano accession         32

Table 4.1.8     The effect of X-ray doses on number of branches per plant in Akara                    34

Table 4.1.9    The effect of X-ray doses on number of branches per plant in Ikwuano     36         accession

Table 4.1.10    The effect of X-ray on stem girth in Akara                                                    38

Table 4.1.11    The effect of X-ray doses on stem girth in Ikwuano                                      40

Table 4.1.12    The effect of X-ray does on germination percentage of Akara              42

Table 4.1.13    The effect of X-ray doses on germination percentage of Ikwuano                      44

 




LIST OF PLATES

Plate 4.1         Dose sensitivity test on Akara showing root and stem length                        21

Plate 4.2          Dose sensitivity test on Ikwuano showing root and stem length              21

Plate 4.3          Akara 6 MGy at 10 WAP                                                                               48

Plate 4.4          Akara 2 MGy at 10 WAP                                                                               48

Plate 4.5          Akara control at 10 WAP                                                                               49

Plate 4.6          Ikwuano 2 MGy at 10 WAP                                                                           49

Plate 4.7          Ikwuano 8 MGy at 10 WAP                                                                           50

Plate 4.8          Ikwuano control at 10 WAP                                                                           50

 

 

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 4.1        Responses of different X-ray doses on Akara plant height                                    19

Figure 4.2        Responses of different X-ray doses on Ikwuano plant height              20

Figure 4.3        Graphical representation of the effect of X-ray doses on the plant

                        height of Akara at 10 WAP                                                                            23

Figure 4.4        Graphical representation of the effect of X-ray doses of plant height

                        of Akara at 10 WAP                                                                                       25

Figure 4.5        Graphical representation of the effect of X-ray doses on number of

Akara on number of leaves at 10 WAP                                                          27

Figure 4.6        Graphical representation at the effect of x-ray doses of Ikwuano on

number of leaves at 10 WAP                                                                          29

Figure 4.7        Graphical representation of the effect of x-ray doses of

Akara on leaf area at 10 WAP                                                                        31

Figure 4.8        Graphical representation of the effect of x-ray doses of Ikwuano

on leaf area at 9WAP                                                                                     33

Figure 4.9        Graphical representation of the effect of X-ray doses of

Akara on number of    branches at 10 WAP                                                   35

Figure 4.10      Graphical representation of the effect of X-ray doses of Ikwuano on

number ofbranches at 10 WAP                                                                       37

Figure 4.11      Graphical representation of the effect of X-ray doses of Akara on

                        stem girth at 10WAP                                                                                      39

Figure 4.12      Graphical representation of the effect of X-ray doses of Ikwuano on

stem girthat10WAP                                                                                        41

Figure 4.13      Graphical representation of the effect of x-ray doses of Akaraon                                                           germination percentage                                                                                          43

Figure 4.14      Graphical representation of the effect of x-ray doses of Ikwuano on  germination percentage                       45

Figure 4.15      Clustered bar chat of 6 agronomic characteristics at different exposures of X-raydoses of Akara                            46

Figure 4.16      Clustered bar chat of 6 agronomic characteristics at different exposures of X-raydoses of Ikwuano                  47

 

 

 

 

 



 

 

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION


1.4  BACKGROUND OF STUDY

African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa Hochst ex A. Rich) is a herbaceous leguminous plant occurring throughout tropical Africa (Porter, 1992). It is often cited among the lesser-known species (Amoatey et al., 2000). It is grown as a minor crop in association with yam and cassava. African yam bean serves as security crop; it has the potential to meet year round protein requirements if grown on a large scale (World Health Organization (WHO), 2002). African yam bean (AYB) is highly nutritional with high protein, mineral and fiber content, its protein content is reported to be similar to cowpea, soybean and pigeon pea (Obizoba and Souzey, 1989; Ene-Obong and Carnovale, 1992; Uguru and Madukaife, 2001) It has high metabolic energy, low true protein digestibility (62.9 %), moderate mineral content, the amino and fatty acids contents are comparable to those of most edible pulses (Nwokolo, 1987; Uguru and Madukaife, 2001). It has a high water absorption capacity when compared with cowpea (Achinewhu and Akah, 2003).

Induced mutagenesis in plants dates back to the beginning of the 20th century. Physical mutagenic treatments have included gamma, X-ray and neutron irradiation. In the 1950s there was a global spread of gamma irradiators for plant mutagenesis, especially to create desired mutants for plant breeding. Protocols for gamma irradiation were optimised and many mutant plant varieties have been released. However, gamma sources (usually the radioactive isotopes: Cobalt-60 and Cesium-137) have become security risks and strict international regulations are imposed on the shipment of gamma sources, the production of gamma sources and the refurbishment of old gamma irradiators (Mastrangelo et al., 2010). These restrictions now limit gamma irradiation for plant mutagenesis. The Plant Breeding and Genetics Laboratory (PBGL) of the FAO/IAEA have therefore embarked on a series of investigations aimed at optimizing X-rays for plant mutagenesis. Our initial studies have focused on developing procedures and adapting an existing commercially available X-ray machine that has been used extensively in the FAO/IAEA Insect Pest Control Laboratory to produce sterile male insects for SIT (Parker and Mehta, 2007.

 

1.2 JUSTIFICATION

X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation, just like light waves and radio waves. Because X-rays have higher energy than light waves, they can pass through the body. X-rays were first discovered over 100 years ago and were quickly applied to medical diagnostic use (Song et al., 2006). Today x-rays remain a valuable tool in diagnosis and treatment of many injuries and diseases and effects of radiation on plants are a broad and complex field and work is being done in many areas on a large number of plant species. Radiation affects the size and weight of plants and has influences on plant root growth (Flavel et al., 2012).

 

Induced mutagenesis through x-ray irradiation has been identified as one of the approaches to be adopted to create variability in this crop. Induced mutation has led to remarkable advances in crop improvement. Plant characters such as height, disease resistance, yields and nutritional qualities have been obtained through induction by mutagenic agents such as X – ray and gamma – ray (Iwo et al., 2013). It offers the possibility of inducing desired attributes that either cannot be expressed in nature or have been lost during evolution. Induced mutation either by physical or chemical mutagen is practical approach useful in varietal development of vegetative propagated plants (Simmond, 1979). However, there have not been many reports on the effects of x-ray radiation on the growth of African yam bean.

 

Exposure of mungbean and cowpea seeds treated with x-rays show significant increase in all growth parameters such as plant length and weight, leaf area and number of nodules. Similarly, Dewar et al., 2010 observed that soil drenching with T. harzianum, R. meliloti and P. aeruginosa and seeds of sunflower, mung bean were exposed with gamma rays at 0, 2, 8 and 16 minutes interval, completely reduced the infection of R. solani, M. phaseolina and Fusarium spp. Thapa, 2010 also reported that root, hypocotyl, and epicotyl elongation decreases as the exposure time  of the   x-ray increases. Present results supported by Thapa that germination and seedling growth of Pinus kesiya and Pinus wallichiana were inhibited with the increased in exposure of gamma rays whereas in some cases the lower exposure was stimulatory.  Irradiation of mungbean seeds with gamma rays for 0 and 4 minutes enhance the growth parameters in terms of shoot length, shoot weight, root length, root weight, leaf area and reduce the infection of root infecting fungi (Ikram et al., 2010).

In view of the above facts, the present study was undertaken to study the effects of x-ray doses on the growth parameters of Sphenostylis stenocarpa.


1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aims and objectives of this research work are as:

  • To establish the dosimetry of X-ray on two African yam bean accessions.
  • To investigate the effects of different doses of Xs-rays on growth parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, leaf area, root length, germination percentage and stem girth.

 

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