ABSTRACT
This
study examines the domestic water supply and consumption in Ibadan north east
local government area of Oyo state, Nigeria. Primary and Secondary data were
used during the study. Primary data were gathered through the use of
administered questionnaires. A
Structured
questionnaire was used to solicit information from two hundred and forty (240)
randomly selected households. This questionnaire was used to obtain information
on type of water source, distance from household and water consumption pattern
of the households and many more. While secondary data were gathered from
National Population Commission for 2006 population. Data was also gotten from
the local government secretariat. These secondary data were used in the
research in order to get the accurate information about the study area.
Primary
data collected were analysed using appropriate statistical package called SPSS
(Statistical Package for Social Sciences) and chi-square of independence was
used for the analysis. During the course of the study, some problems were
detected and solutions and recommendations were given.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
TO THE STUDY
1.2 AIM
AND OBJECTIVES
1.3 RESEARCH
HYPOTHESES
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE
OF STUDY
1.5 SOURCES OF DATA
1.5.1 PRIMARY SOURCE
1.5.2 SECONDARY DATA
1.6 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS
1.7 STUDY
AREA
CHAPTER
TWO
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
2.1.1 URBAN
LAND USE MODELS
2.1.1.1 CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL
2.1.1.2 THE SECTOR THEORY
2.1.1.3 GRADIENT THEORY
2.1.1.4 THE MULTIPLE NUCLEI THEORY
2.1.2 DISTANCE DECAY EFFECT
2.2 LITERATURE
REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
3.2 POPULATION AND SAMPLE SIZE
3.3 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
3.4 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
3.5 SOURCES OF DATA
3.6 QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN
3.7 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF THE
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
3.8 PROCEDURE FOR PROCESSING AND ANALYZING
DATA
CHAPTER
FOUR
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
4.1 SOCIO - ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS
4.2 WATER SUPPLY AND CONSUMPTION IN IBADAN
NORTH EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT
4.2.1 SOURCE OF HOUSEHOLD WATER SUPPLY
4.2.2
DISTANCE
OF RESPONDENTS’ HOUSE TO WATER SUPPLY
4.2.3
QUANTITY OF WATER CONSUMED
4.2.4 DAILY AVERAGE WATER CONSUMPTION PATTERN
4.2.5
WATER SHORTAGE
4.2.6
PROBLEMS OF WATER SUPPLY
4.2.7
SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEM
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 SUMMARY
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
5.3 CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
TO THE STUDY
Water is one of the world's most valuable resources. It is a basic
necessity of life for both plants and animals. Mankind cannot, in fact, survive
without water as even the human body is made up of about 70% water. Water resources are becoming increasingly scarce in many parts of
the world due to development, increased demand, climate change and resulting
drought and explosive population growth. The availability of a reliable and
clean supply of water is one of the most important determinants of our health.
WHO explains that diseases related to drinking-water contamination represent a
major burden on human health and the interventions to improve the quality of
drinking-water provide significant benefits to health.
Water
is the only substance that exists naturally on Earth in all three physical
states of matter, gas, liquid, and solid, and it is always on the move among
them. The Earth has oceans of liquid water and Polar Regions covered by solid
water. Energy from the sun is absorbed by liquid water in oceans, lakes, and
rivers and gains enough energy for some of it to evaporate and enter the
atmosphere as an invisible gas, water vapour. As the water vapour rises in the
atmosphere it cools and condenses into tiny liquid droplets that scatter light
and become visible as clouds. Under the proper conditions, these droplets
further combine and become heavy enough to precipitate (fall out) as drops of
liquid or, or if the air is cold enough, flakes of solid, thus returning to the
surface of the Earth to continue this cycle of water between its condensed and
vapour phases..
The hydrologic cycle is a conceptual model that describes
the storage and movement of water between the biosphere, atmosphere,
lithosphere, and the hydrosphere. Water on our planet can be stored in any one
of the following major reservoirs: atmosphere, oceans, lakes, rivers, soils,
glaciers, snowfields, and groundwater. Water moves from one reservoir to
another by way of processes like evaporation, condensation, precipitation,
deposition, runoff, infiltration,
sublimation, transpiration, melting, and
groundwater flow. The oceans supply
most of the evaporated water found in the atmosphere. Of this evaporated water,
only 91% of it is returned to the ocean basins by way of precipitation. The remaining
9% is transported to areas over landmasses where climatological factors induce
the formation of precipitation. The resulting imbalance between rates of
evaporation and precipitation over land and ocean is corrected by runoff and groundwater
flow to the oceans.
Water resources are becoming increasingly scarce in many parts of the
world due to development, increased demand, climate change and resulting
drought and explosive population growth. The availability of a reliable and
clean supply of water is one of the most important determinants of our health.
Thus, water use (demand) is a function of availability (supply).
Water use falls into several major classes,
each of which is associated with certain quantity and quality requirements.
These classes include water for drinking and cooking, waste disposal, crop production,
aquaculture, livestock, industrial use, recreational use, navigational use, and
ecological values such as survival of natural lake, riverine or wetland
communities. The quantity of water used within each of these classes is
influenced mainly by variables such as climate and precipitation. The
proportion of total water used for any specific purpose is controlled by
socioeconomic conditions, tradition, culture and water availability.
Agriculture based economies, such as Nigeria's, shall require up to 80% of
available water for agriculture, and 10% each for industrial and domestic
purposes.
In an urban setting, the water used to
generate electricity may be used for irrigation down a river. The same water
might be used yet again as it is withdrawn for a public water supply or an
industry. Only a few uses actually consume water. Irrigated agriculture, for
example, consumes 55% of the water it uses. The consumptive nature of
irrigation, therefore, limits many simultaneous users of the same resource. Municipal
facilities such as cities consume 21% of water they withdraw. In contrast,
industry which withdraws very large quantities of water, consumes only about 3%
of that water. Although the quality of water returned to the system may change.
Unless unacceptable changes in quality occur, many industrial users could
benefit from the same water resource. The human needs about 2-10 litres of
water per day for normal physiological functions, depending on climate and
workload. About 1 litre of water is provided by daily food consumption. The
total water consumption per capita per day is determined by a number of
factors, such as availability, quality, cost, income, size of family, cultural
habits, standard of living, ways and means of water distribution and climate
(World Bank Water Research Team, 1993).
Water supply system is the collection, transmission,
treatment, storage, and distribution of water for homes, commercial establishments, industry, and
irrigation, as well as for such public needs as fire fighting and street
flushing. Of all municipal services, provision of potable water is perhaps the most vital. People depend on water for
drinking, cooking, washing, carrying away wastes, and other domestic needs.
Water supply systems must also meet requirements for public, commercial, and
industrial activities. In all cases, the water must fulfil both quality and
quantity requirements. Water was an important factor in
the location of the earliest settled communities, and the evolution of
public water supply systems is tied
directly to the growth of cities.
In the development of water resources beyond their natural condition in rivers,
lakes, and springs, the digging of shallow wells was
probably the earliest innovation. As the need for water increased and tools
were developed, wells were made deeper. Brick-lined wells were built by city
dwellers in the Indus River basin
as early as 2500bce, and wells almost
500 metres (more than 1,600 feet) deep are known to have been used in ancient
China
Public
water supply started in Nigeria early in the twentieth century in a few towns
managed at the lowest administrative level. Amongst the early beneficiaries
were Lagos, Calabar, Kano, Ibadan, Abeokuta, Ijebu Ode (Ogun State) and Enugu.
The schemes were maintained with revenue from water sales with virtually no
operational subvention from government. With the creation of regional
governments in the early 1950s the financial and technical responsibilities for
developing new water schemes were taken over by the regional governments who
also assigned supervisory high level manpower to oversee operations and
maintenance. The regions were slow to set up independent bodies to develop,
operate and manage the water supply. The first water corporation was formed in
the western region in 1966 which took over all the assets and liabilities,
including the existing staff. The staffs of the Water Division of the Ministry
of Works were also transferred to the new corporation. The next corporations
were formed in the 1970s. Today, all 36 states and the Federal Capital
Territory have water boards/corporations or public utilities boards managing their
public water supply. Their efforts are supplemented, in many cases, by local
governments who supply water to small villages in their areas of jurisdiction.
1.2
AIM
AND OBJECTIVES
The
aim of the study is to examine the domestic water supply and consumption in Ibadan
north-east local government area. The specific objectives are to:
1. Determine
the quantity of water used in different household
2. Access
the challenges facing water supply for residents in the area and proffer
solution.
3. Examine
the relationship between socio-economic characteristics and pattern of water
consumption in the area
1.3 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
- There is no
significant relationship between household size and quantity of water
consumed.
- There is no
significant relationship between income and quantity of water consumed
3. There
is no significant relationship between distance to water source and the amount
of water consumed.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
It has been estimated that about 80 % of all the diseases in the
developing countries are related to unsafe water supply and inadequate
sanitation. Lack of access to improved sanitation and safe water supply is a
global crisis. The effects of inadequate water supply are more visible and
prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa. The fast growth of the study area has
contributed to the high demand of water supply and consumption within it. A lot
of residents are dependent on boreholes and wells for their water supply. This
study will examine the domestic water supply and consumption in Ibadan north
east local government and the problems and solutions of water supply for the
people of the area.
1.5 SOURCES OF DATA
There
are two basic sources of data, the primary source and the secondary
source. This research depended mainly on
the primary source of data. This was done through the administration of questionnaire.
1.5.1 PRIMARY SOURCE
The
primary source will be obtained from the distribution of questionnaires to the
various respondents within the community. The questionnaires instrument of
which will include multi choice question that will be administered to random
household across the different wards in the local government. This study
applied a cross sectional survey research design and the use of a structured
open ended and close ended is used for data collection. This study was
conducted among the dwellers in Ibadan north east local government and
basically among household heads of different households in the community. A total
number of 240 questionnaires were administered in Ibadan north east local
government area. All the questionnaires were purposively administered among
twenty (20) household held drawn from each ward. Ibadan north east local
government have a total of twelve (12) wards and all the wards has an equal
questionnaire of twenty (20) each. The questionnaire is divided into 2 main
sections. The first section which deals with the socio-economic characteristics
of the respondent which include questions like Age, sex, religion, marital
status, household size, occupation, monthly income etc. The second section
deals with questions on water supply and consumption pattern in their various
households. Questions which include their major source of household water supply
distance to the source of water, quality of water used in the household and
other relevant questions pertinent to the study. The interviews were
administered among the dwellers that showed interest. No incentive was offered
to the participant.
1.5.2 SECONDARY DATA
Data
from secondary source was obtained from journals and data from previous researches. Others
sources of information were from test materials, archives, past projects and
literature, article related to the study. Secondary data was also collected
from local government secretariat, which will be used in the research in order
to get the accurate information about the study area.
1.6 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS
The use of both descriptive and chi-square
method of data analysis were applied for the analysis of the data. For the
purpose of making comparison among the variables (i.e, socio-economic
characteristics, age, sex, occupation etc), descriptive statistics were used in
the analysis. This are used to summarize bulky data for easy understanding.
Among these are, the simple frequencies and percentages, mean, and standard
deviation etc. the results generated from the analysis are presented in tables
and figures to discuss the data and information on various issues addressed by
the research objectives. Chi square a statistical
test which was used to establish the dependency of a factor on another factor
with the aim of determining if there is a significant relationship between the
tested factors was used to test for hypothesis.
1.7 STUDY AREA
The
Ibadan north east local government was created on the 27th August 1991 by an
administration of former head of state General Ibrahim Badamosi Babaginda. It
was carved out of the defunct Ibadan Municipal government and derived its name
from the metropolitan nature of the area it covered then (12 km radius with Mapo
as the centre)
The
local government has its administrative headquarters located along the Iwo-road
axis of Ibadan, a major entry point through Ife/Ibadan expressway end of Oyo
state capital. The inhabitants of the local government are predominantly
Yoruba, although it is highly heterogeneous, accommodating people from various other
tribes who either engage in commercial activity or work in the public service.
The
local government is heavily populated and covers a large expanse of land with
ab area of about 12.5 square kilometer.it is bounded on the east by Egbeda and
Ona ara local Governments, on the west by Ibadan North local government and
with, Ibadan South east local government on the south. The population is said
to be 330,399 as at the 2006 census.
It
comprises twelve(12) wards. Each ward is represented by a councillor at the
legislative council. The 12 wards cover the under listed areas.
Table 1.1: Wards in Ibadan North East Local Government
|
WARD
|
AREA
|
|
Ward 1
|
Odo Osun, Labiran
|
|
Ward 2
|
Ogbori efon, Ita Baale,
Oranyan and Beyerunka
|
|
Ward 3
|
Kosodo, Labo, Alafara
|
|
Ward 4
|
Adekile, Aremo, Orita
Aperin
|
|
Ward 5
|
Labiran Aderogba,
Beyerunka
|
|
Ward 6
|
Oje Aderogba, Alafara
|
|
Ward 7
|
Oke Offa, Atipe, Oja
Igbo, Aremo Alafara, Ajegede
|
|
Ward 8
|
Ode Aje, Padi, Alase
Aremo Ajibola
|
|
Ward 9
|
Koloko, Agugu, Oke
Ibadan, Idi obi
|
|
Ward 10
|
Oje Irefin, Ita
Akinloye, Baba sale and Padi
|
|
Ward 11
|
Iwo Road, Abayomi,
Basorun, Idi Ape BCOS Quarters
|
|
Ward 12
|
Part of Irefin, Agodi
Gate, Oluyoro, Gbenla, Oke Adu, Aromolaran, Onipepeye
|
Source: Ibadan north east
local government secretariat, 2015
Fig 1: Map of Ibadan
metropolis showing the study area
The
populace consist of civil servants, teachers, traders and artisans. The main
business activity in the Local Government area is buying and selling of
different types of goods ranging from household needs, foodstuff, building
/electronic materials.
Most
of the markets of historical and commercial significance in Oyo State are
located within the Local Government. Among such markets are: Oje market,
Oranyan market, Agodi gate spare parts market. Also building materials of all
kinds are readily available in the popular Iwo road axis, one of the greatest
commercial centres in Ibadan where no fewer than sixteen (16) banks are
located. There are also ultra-modern shopping complexes owned by private
individuals and the Local Government.
Investment
opportunities abound in the Local Government because of its metropolitan
nature. It has facilities such as electricity, portable water, good and accessible
roads and banks. Business enterprises such as sales of automobile spare parts,
building and electrical materials, insurance, hotel and hospitality services,
pharmacy stores, agricultural firms and supermarkets abound within the Local
Government Area. Also there are various vocations like motor mechanic,
carpentry, fashion designing, hair dressing, barbing and plumbing amongst
others. These vocations are profitable and provide the basic needs of the
people due to the concentration of middle class people in the Local Government.
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