THE PREVALENCE, CAUSE AND HEALTH IMPLICATION OF DIABETES MELLITUS AMONG STAFF OF TERRITORY INSTITUTIONS IN LAGOS STATE

ABSTRACT

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorder in human that is characterized by increase i n blood sugar level above which the blood cannot tolerate. It is disorder that has reduced life expectancy I n individuals and has constituted serious health threat across ages and se. this study investigated into the prevalence, awareness, cause and health implications that can affect job performance among staff or tertiary institutions(Yaba college Technology and St. Augustine college of Education) in yaba local government area of Lagos state. The study adopted survey research design because it involve seeking for the opinion of the population of the staff (academic and non-academic) on the awareness, prevalence, causes and management of diabetes and as it affect their health status and job performance. The researcher found out that higher percentage of the participants is prone to having diabetes due to lack of daily and routine exercise and a life style that care less for consumption pattern. Other important findings of the study are that diabetes may be traced to other health complications in human, among which include nerve damage, kidney problem, heart failure, circulatory problems, stroke, eye problems etc.  The respondents generally obliged to the fact that there is an established link between cognitive deficit and diabetes (i.e people with diabetes have greater rate of decline in cognitive function.)Hence, an individual in the education sector who is living dangerously around diabetes irrespective of types is generally not going to be productive in academic matters. The study therefore recommends that adequate dietary control and routine daily exercise should be cultivated by every individual to help reduce the risks of having diabetes and that individual should regularly go for routine checkup and follow doctors and experts’ advice and recommendations to stay healthy and remain productive in their job performance.

TABLE OF CONTENT

                                                                                                PAGES

Title page                                                                                          i.

Certification                                                                                     ii.

Dedication                                                                                        iii.

Acknowledge                                                                                    iv     

Table of Content                                                                              V.

Abstract                                                                                            vi.

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTOION

Background to the study                                                                   1-3

Statement of the Problem                                                                  3-4

Purpose of the Study                                                                         4

Research Question                                                                            4-5

Research hypothesis                                                                         5

Significance of the Study                                                                  5-6

Scope of the Study                                                                            6

Operational definition of Terms                                                         6

CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE                                   7-21

Chapter Three: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Introduction                                                                                      22

Design of the Study                                                                           22

Area of Study                                                                                    23

Population of Study                                                                          23

Sample and Sampling techniques                                                     23

Instrumentation – check chapter                                                       3

Instrument for Data Collection                                                          24

Validity of Instrument                                                                       24

Reliability of instrument                                                                   24

Method of Data Collection                                                                 25

Method of Data Analysis                                                                   25

CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION OF RESULT                                      26-32

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSIVE AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of finding                                                                          32

Conclusive                                                                                         34

Recommendation                                                                              34-35

References                                                                                         36-38

Appendices                                                                                        39-42

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTOION

Background to the study

Insulin being present (insulin makes it possible for body cells to take in the glucose) (Richard and James, 2010).  Insulin is a hormone that is produced by the pancreas. After eating, the pancreas automatically release an adequate quantity or insulin to move the glucose present in the blood into the cells, as soon as glucose enters the cells, blood-glucose level drop. A person with diabetes has a condition in which the quantity of glucose in the blood is too elevated (hyperglycemia). This is because the body does not produce enough insulin, produces no insulin, or has cells that do not respond properly to the insulin the pancreas produces. This result in too much glucose building up in the blood. This excess blood glucose eventually passes out of the body in urine. So, even though the blood has plenty of glucose, the cells are not getting it for their essential energy and growth requirement (Riserus and Willet, 2009).

Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or the cell of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced (David, 2011). According to Richard and James (2010). There are three main types of diabetes mellitus, these include:

a.    Type 1 diabetes which usually results from pancreas failure to produce enough insulin the particular cause is known. It is not known. It is also called juvenile diabetes.

b.   Types 2 diabetes which begins with insulin resistance and it is a condition in which cells ail to respond to insulin properly. Common in adult and primary cause is excessive body weight and not having enough exercise.

c.    Gestational diabetes which is common among pregnant women.

As of 2014, an estimated 387 million people have diabetes worldwide with type 2 diabetes making up about 90% of the cases (International Diabetes Federation, 2014). This represents 8.3% of the adult population with equal rates in both women and men (Frank, 2014). From 2012 to 2014 alone, diabetes is estimated to have resulted in 1.5 to 4.9 million deaths each year (WHO, 2013), and the number has been estimated to rise to 592 million by 2035 (Frank, 2014) which calls for a national concern of this terrible disease.

One major consensus among most medical expert is that major cause of diabetes is due to changes in food habits and activity patterns over the last 20years. According to cash (2014), the changes in food habits include:

·         Increased reliance of food consumed outside the home.

·         Increased consumption of soft drinks.

·         Increased consumption of fast foods.

·         Reduction of (physical education) in school.

·         Elimination of recess at school.

Statement of the problem

Diabetes is a common and life-threatening disease among both the young and the old. IT results when the body cannot metabolize glucose. When this take place, a number of vital mechanisms break in the human system with a lot of life threatening consequences. Diabetes has been associated with food consumption (International Diabetes Federation, 2014). In Nigeria where poverty is very prevalent, people consume anything that comes their way. Even some the  elites and the educated that are above averages in terms of socio-economic status also do not have adequate nutritional knowledge about food intake. This has possibly led to a lot of people having diabetes without their knowledge of it.

If diabetes complications is allowed to become so critical, it can render the individual unproductive and make them become a burden not only to their family but also to the society, their contribution in the work place become significantly reduced and cannot contribute meaningfully to the economic growth of the nation. Hence, the need to find out the general level of awareness of people concerning the dreaded (Diabetes), risk factors of people with respect to their consumption pattern and the presumed health implication if the disease is not promptly controlled.

Purpose of the Study

The general purpose of the Study is to investigate into the general level of awareness and knowledge of diabetes mellitus, the various risk factors that people are ignorantly exposed to and the health implication of Diabetes if left unattended to. Specifically, the study examined the following:

 i.        The extent of Awareness and general knowledge of diabetes among the tertiary education staff.

ii.        The consumption pattern of staff that can pre-disposed them to diabetes

iii.        What the staff presumed to be the cause and health implication of diabetes.

iv.        The effects of diabetes on the job performance of the staff.

Research Questions

Based on the above specific purpose of the study, the following question guided conduct of the study:

1.   What is the extent of awareness and general knowledge of staff on diabetes mellitus?

2.   What is the consumption pattern of staff that pre-disposed them to having Diabetes?

3.   What are the presumed causes and health implications of diabetes?

4.   What are the effects of diabetes on the job performance of the staff?

Research hypotheses

The following null hypotheses were tested at probability level (5%) of significant difference using t-test statistics.

HO₁: Male and female staffs are not significantly different in their awareness and knowledge about Diabetes 

HO₂: There is no significant difference between teaching and non teaching staff in their disposed consumption pattern. 

HO₃: There is no significant difference between staffs in health related disciplines and staff who are not on the presumed causes and health implication of Diabetes.

Significance of the Study

The following of this Study may be of significant to the following people:

Diabetes patients, Academic and non-academic staff, the researcher, the medical personnel, the Nutritionists and Home-Economists. For instance, the result may help to create awareness about the extent of prevalence and the danger of diabetes among the academic and non-academic staff of the institutions involved. It may help them to know their terms of whether they are diabetic or not. It may also inform them to seek for immediate medical attention and what to do to manage the disease. 

The findings of the study may also provide useful nutritional information concerning the management of diabetes so that people can have improved lifestyle and stay healthy.

Scope of the Study

The study focused on the awareness, knowledge risk factors, causes and health implication of diabetes disorder among tertiary education staff. It covered the staff of 2 Federal institutions based in Lagos State (Saint Augustine College of Education, Akoka and Yaba College of Technology).

Operational Definition of Key Terms

                      i.        Diabetes mellitus:  is a metabolic disorder in which an individual has high blood glucose as a result of poor response of the hormone called insulin.

              ii.        Gestational diabetes: high blood glucose associated with pregnancy.

 iii.        Type 1- diabetes: a juvenile diabetes common and prevalent during early adulthood or teenage years.

  iv.         Type 2- diabetes: a non insulin dependent diabetes or adult-onset diabetes primarily caused by excessive body weight and lack of exercise in individual.

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