TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of content
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Aims
and objective of the research
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature
Review
2.1 Scientic
classification of Senna Tora
2.2 Description
of senna tora
2.3 Some
common names of senna tora
2.4 Geographical
distribution of senna tora
2.5 Growth
requirements of senna tora
2.6 Propagation
of senna tora
2.7 Some
studies on the phytochemical uses of senna tora
2.8 Some
chemical properties of senna tora
2.9 Uses
and benefits of cassia tora
2.10 Definition
of diabetes
2.11 Diabetes
insipidus
2.12 Diabetes
mellitus
2.13 History
of diabetes mellitus
2.14 Types
of diabetes mellitus
2.15 Type 1
diabetes mellitus
2.16 Types
2 diabetes mellitus
2.17 Gestational
diabetes
2.18 Hyperglycaemia
and hypoglycaemia
2.19 Causes
of Diabetes
2.20 Symptoms
of diabetes mellitus
2.21 Pathophysiology
of diabetes mellitus
2.22 Diagnosis,
treatment and management of diabetes mellitus
2.23 Lifestyle
modifications
2.24 Effect
and complications of diabetes mellitus
2.25 Alloxan
2.26 History
of alloxan
2.27 Discovery
of alloxan
2.28 Synthesis
of alloxan
2.29 Structure
of alloxan
2.30 Impact
upon beta cells
2.31 Mechanism
of alloxan action
2.32 Pancreas
2.33 The
structures of pancreas
2.34 Insulin
2.35 History
of insulin
2.36 The
structure of insulin
2.37 Insulin
biosynthesis
2.38 Effects
of insulin deficiency
2.39 Fat
metabolism
2.40 Degradation
of fatty acids in the liver
2.41 Fat
synthesis in the liver
2.42 Glycolysis
2.43 Carbohydrate
metabolism
2.44 Metabolic
homeostasis
2.45 Major
hormones of metabolic homeostasis
2.46 Changes
in hormone levels after a meal
2.47 Changes
in hormones level during diabetes mellitus
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials
and Methods
3.1 Plant
materials
3.2 Animals
3.3 Chemical
and reagents
3.4 Equipments
and apparatus
3.5 Preparation
of plant material
3.6 Weighing
and grouping of rats
3.7 Induction
of diabetes
3.8 Injection
of senna tora
3.9 Collection
of blood samples
3.10 Blood
glucose estimation
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Recommendation
REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Diabetes
mellitus is a disease in which blood vessels of glucose (sugar) are high
because the body does not produce or properly use insulin. There are two major
forms of diabetes mellitus. Type 1 diabetes
develops when the pancreas does not produce insulin. Type 2 diabetes
occurs when the body cell resist insulin’s effect (Microsoft Encarta, 2009).
This condition leads to elevated levels of blood glucose. The normal range of
blood glucose level for blood glucose level is between 70-110mg/dl. Insulin is a
hormone that helps to maintain normal blood glucose level by making the body’s
cell absorbs glucose (sugar) so that it can be as a source of energy. In people
with diabetes glucose levels build up in the blood and urine causing excessive
urination, thirst, hunger and problems with fats and protein metabolism because
the body cannot convert glucose into energy, it begins to break down stored fats for fuel. This
produces increasing amounts of acidic compounds in the blood called ketone
bodies which interfere with cellular respiration energy producing process in
cells. Alloxan induces diabetes mellitus in rats. Alloxan, a beta cytotoxin,
induces diabetes in a wide variety of animal species through damage of insulin
secreting cell. In these animals, with characteristic similar to type 1
diabetes in humans. Hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia are common
complications of diabetes mellitus.
(Rerup, C. C. 1999).
Senna
tora (originally described by Linne as cassia
tora) is a legume in the subfamily caesalpiniodeae. It grows wild in most of
the tropics and is considered a weed in many places. Its native range is not
well known but probably South Asia. It is often confused with Chinese senna or
sickle pods obtusifolia. If it is given a distinct common name at all, it is
called sickle wild sensitive plant (nature serve, 200). It has a widely ranging
tropical and the agro climatic conditions, which are conducive for introducing
and domesticating new and exotic plant varieties. The use of the plants, plant extracts
and pure compounds isolated from natural sources provided the foundation to
modern pharmaceutical compounds. An ethno botanical search on fine species
senna within and around Ogbomoso, Oyo state, Nigeria showed their relevance in
the local herbal medicine. In the recent study, screening for hypoglycemic
activity of the extract of senna tora was conducted to provide support
for the use of this plant as traditional medicine. Phytochemical screening
provides knowledge of the chemical constituents of this not only for the
discovery of new therapeutic agents, but also for information in discovering
new sources of other materials. The uses of senna tora include the
following, used as liver stimulant, mild laxative, heart tonic, used in
treatment of fever, used to treat eczema and dermatomycosis, etc.
1.1 AIMS
AND OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH
Therefore
the goal of the study is to:
1.
To determining the blood glucose levels of
normal and Alloxan induced diabetic rats.
2.
To determine the effects of senna tora
leaves extract on the blood glucose levels of the diabetic albino rats.
3.
To compare values before
and after induction with Alloxan and senna tora leaves.
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