ABSTRACT
This study was under taken to ascertain the
impact of radio using Baruten as a case of the study.
The study provided background information
in the history of radio programming and radio kwara. It also sought to find out
the problems associated with the dissemination of development information by
the radio to the rural dwellers.
The method used is the case for the
study and the study employed the use of questionnaire in gathering data. A
total number of 180 questionnaires were analyzed and graphically explained with
the use of table and simple percentage method.
The data analysis revealed that radio
programming has had much impact on rural dwellers.
The study therefore, recommend that
community radio programming should be encourage and spread widely for effective
information dissemination in rural areas.
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Table of content vi
List of table vii
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1.1 Background of
the study 1
1.2 Statement of
the problem 7
1.3 Objectives of
the study 8
1.4 Research question 9
1.5 Significance of
the study 7
1.6 Scope of the
study 11
1.7 Operational definition
of terms 12
1.8 Limitations of
the study 13
CHAPTER TWO
Review of related literature
2.1 Theoretical
framework 19
2.2 Conceptual
framework
2.3 Review of empirical studies / review of
related literature 32
2.4 Radio as
a medium 50
2.5 Types of
radio programming
2.6 Characteristics
of radio
2.7 Functions
of radio programming 55
CHAPTER THREE
Research methodology
3.1 Research
design
62
3.2 Research
variable
3.3 Universe
of the study
3.4 Sample
size and sampling techniques 64
3.5 Unit of
analysis
3.6 Instrumentations
3.7 Validity
of the instrument
3.8 Method
of administration of the instrument
3.9 Method
of data analysis
3.10 Population
of the study
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Analysis of the performance of the
research instrument
4.2 Analysis of the demographic segment of the
research questionnaire
4.3 Answers
to the research question
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
References
LIST OF TABLES
AND ILLUSTRATION
TABLE 1: Sex of the respondent
TABLE 2: Age distribution of the respondents
TABLE 3: Marital status of respondents
TABLE 4: Educational qualification
TABLE 5: Occupational distribution of respondents
TABLE 6: Respondent time of listening to radio
TABLE 7: Radio as a medium that disseminate
development Information about the community
TABLE 8: No station accessible to the respondents
TABLE 9: Functions / role of the radio to the
respondents
TABLE10: Respondent rating of the radio based on
transmission of developmental information.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The media of communication i.e.; the
channel through which information is conveyed to the general public. Such channel
includes; radio, television, newspaper e.t.c.
The radio as a medium of communication
is one of the most ambitious. The most effective and cheapest means of
communication. Apart from its primary response of informing, educating and
entertaining the public, it provides opportunity for man to understand both his
immediate and distant environment.
Programming on the other hand is the
broadcast programming of a radio formed or content that is organized for
commercial broadcasting and public broadcasting of radio station.
According to Zuma 1 (2011), the radio is
a nation builder instrument, it can be a important partner in the drive to make
rural area economically and socially viable.
As a means of communication, the radio
is unique in both its portability and ability to reach people in urban and
rural areas.
It can be use to transmit music, speech
and other information to a large audience.
For Daramola 1 (2001: 55), radio reaches
every corner of the globe. The rural community most especially relies on it for
information because it breaks language barriers and illiteracy. This is why it
is an effective tool for disseminating development information to the rural
areas for adequate communication growth.
As it may be, this study will examine
the impact of radio programming on rural dweller using Baruten as the study.
1.1.1 HISTORY
OF RADIO PROGRAMMING IN NIGERIA
The term “Radio” has its root in the Latin word,
“Radius” which means a spoken radius ray. Radio’s etymology become obvious when
it is realized that in physical sense, radio is essentially the emission of ray
or wave that bear signal called programs the wave which are generated by a
transmitter are propagated, an aerial or an antenna that represent the central
of a circles for reception by radio set turned to the frequency on which the
transmitter is radiating.
According to OLULANDELE et al, radio programming in Nigeria began
in 1932, through the establishment of the radio distribution services. It was
as a result of the urge a determination of the British colonial authority to
link the colonies with the writer country to serve as an instrument of
propaganda for the Britain
and the whole world. So the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) empire
service was introduced.
Radio programming in Nigeria also began as part of the
departmental and post and telegraph; which was then Public Relation Services.
The post and telegraphs engineers used the station in programming programs
through wires connected to loud speakers located at different points in Lagos.
After three years of experiment, the country
realized it could operate this system which heralded the establishment of wired
broadcasting that was named “Radio Distribution Service” (RDS).
On June
16 1951, the Nigeria Broadcasting Service (NBS) was firmly established by
Governor John Stuart McPherson. It was later changed to Nigeria Broadcasting
Corporation (NBC) and began operation in April 1957 by an act of parliament.
However, the glamour for the right of reply Chief Obafemi Awolowo led to
the formation of radio and television station in the western region, Western
Nigeria Broadcasting Service (WNBS) and Western Nigeria Television (WNTV)
responded on October 31, 1959.
In
1975, the Murtala-Obasanjo military regime declared its intention to halt the
proliferation of radio station in Nigeria by creating a centralized
organization in to cater for the whole country. The government enacted the
federal radio corporation of Nigeria Decree no 8 of 1978; which gave the Federal
Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN), right overall existing radio station the
country with the re-organization, it assumed its new name and four zonal
offices were created in Lagos, Ibadan, Kaduna and Enugu and the radio skill is
in existence today.
More
so, many private radio station have been established as a result of the
promulgation of the National Broadcasting Commission (NBC) Decree No. 38 in
August 24, 1992. This Decree gave right to the ownership of broadcasting
station by private individuals.
For
Richard Aspinal, (1971) the use of wireless for popular programming was a
consequence of the world war of 1914 – 1918. The fighting services needed
improved equipment and large number of wireless signal. It was these near who
on their return to civil life held the demand for broadcasting services.
Early
radio was very much a novelty for listeners and broadcaster alike. The early
receiving software bulky and difficult to tune the loudspeaker had not been
invented and listening was limited to headphones
In the
studies there were no mixing panels, no magnetic microphones, no electrical
pick-ups and certainly no tape recording. The microphones had to be shaken
before use, like a bottle of machine gramophone records were played by
gramophones in front of open microphones.
But the
radio has gradually metamorphosed into a digital state that rural dwellers can
carry every where even in their mobile phones, Ipods and small radio sets.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS
As
Daramola (2001: 104) rightly observed, the radio as a medium of mass
communication bridges the gap between the government and the governed. It is a
two – way communication that provides companionship through human voice and
exhilarating music.
Therefore, it is undoubtedly clear that radio programming can act as a
catalyst for rural development because of its versatility of informing hundreds
of thousands listeners at different times of the day. However, this can be more
effective in the rural community through the use of local dialects. Thus, what
impact does radio programming have on the people living in rural community?
How do
they perceive information disseminated by the various radio stations? Through what ways do the media messages
mobilize them to participate in the development process of their community and
the nation at large? How credible are the content of radio programming?
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
This
study seek to find out what impact does radio programming has on rural dwellers
using Baruten people as a case study.
This
research will further ascertain the reaction of the people living in rural
community to radio message, how this message impact their way of life most
especially in the area of development and if radio programming as a medium of
communication; has been able to bridge its gap between the government and the
people of the community.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
For the purpose of this study, the following
research questions are formulated:
1. Have radio stations been effective in disseminating
development information?
2. What influence does radio programmes have on rural
dweller lives?
3. Does radio
serve as a link between the government and the rural dwellers?
4. What measures should be put in place to ensure
effective and efficient radio programming to the rural community?
5. What impact does radio programming have on rural
dwellers?
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This
study will enable the various radio stations to understand and appreciate their
strengths and weaknesses in order to know areas to improve for effective
information dissemination.
It
will also assist radio owners and managers in describing better policies of
enhancing communication programmes in the rural areas.
More
so, it will bring to conscious the relevance of radio programmes to the rural
community in order to enable them appreciate it and comprehend message
efficiently.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The
scope of the study is to determine the impact of radio message toward the
development of rural community.
Using
Baruten as case study, this research will further state the impact of the radio
programming in rural dwellers obstacle to the impact of programming in information
disseminating and solution to ensure good interpretation of radio message by
the receivers.
The
rural dwellers in this community constitute the target population of the study
which includes people of different occupation such as farmers, artisans,
traders, students, civil servants e.t.c.
1.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. IMPACT : The blow of one thing striking another
2. RADIO PROGRAMMING:
The plan of allocating programs according to the time of the day and duration
of each programs
3. RURAL DWELLERS: People living in the rural areas.
4. EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION: It is those
communications that provide change(s) in the receiver’s behavior or attitude as
were intended by the sender of the messages.
5. DEVELOPMENT: The action in process of developing or being
developed, it is also a new stage of event; it is a product in invention.
6. RADIO: The communication of audible signals encoded in
electromagnetic waves.
1.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This
study is based on the impact radio programming on the rural dwellers with
reference to information delivery the fact that radio programming is merit of
developmental growth in Nigeria.
However,
this study as any other study was subjected to a number of limitations on its
own, claim to excellence.
The
following project factors are considered to an extent limited to the study of
this project work.
The
lack of the relevant information that enable us to understand the actual role of
radio programming on rural dwellers.
Inadequate time due to the fact we have to combine other academic
responsibilities with its research work.
The
irresponsiveness of few respondents that is likely to alter the predetermined
response rate of the questionnaires given.
1.1.2 HISTORY OF RADIO KWARA
The
kwara state broadcasting corporation, Ilorin,
with broadcasting identification, “Radio kwara” started broadcasting service in
Ilorin in 1956
as a relay station. It was than known as provincial broadcasting house.
The
one fourth kilo watt {kW} medium wave transmitter which was then used covered
only eight kilometer radius of Ilorin.
However,
kwara state Broadcasting Corporation as constitution today finally come into
being with enactment of the kwara edict no 3 of 1979, but with retrospective
effect from April 10th, 1978, this was not of the beneficiary by product of the
first state creation in Nigeria.
On the
creation of the state in 1967, a master plan was drawn up and approved for the
country base on the number and capacity of transmitter and mode of transmission
to be sited in each creation owning to the topography of kwara state, it was
decided that it should covered with both medium and shirt wave
transmitter.
In
1974, instruction work started in the modern studio/broadcasting house the 10kw
short wave and 20kw medium wave transmitting station sites these facilities
wave put in use is from 19th December, 1976 however, following the
directive of the federal government the short wave transmitter was closed down
in 1976. On 1st April, 1978, in camphene with federal government is
directive which transfers all radio Nigeria station on the state to their
respective host states. The formal handing over of the station by the NBA to
the kwara state government was reframed by Mr. Horation Agedoti of radio
corporation, Lagos
in 5th September,1978, all the existing staff the wave given the
option of either staying with corporation or going to Federal Radio
Corporation. Those who opted to stay were retained.
At the
time of takeout by the state government, the state had broadcasting house
situated at the present premises and transmitting station. The two inherited
ten kW transmitters were very old in fact only one of them was working
satisfactorily at the time of over in 1978.
In
1984, the federal government booted the transmitting capacity of radio kwara
through the directive that transferred the federal radio station in Ilorin to the kwara state
government. The station then had two {2} 50kw medium wave transmitted at budo eko.
With this development, the state government approved the recommendation at the
corporation to install the four imported 10kw medium wave transmitter in the
fringe area of the then kwara state for effective coverage. Two of them were
installed Egba. One at okike near okene {both now in kogi state} and the forth
at koro in new bussa {now in Nigeria
skew}. All the three booked station were completed and commissioned.
In
spite of the giant strides, in 199 the transmitting stations at bin do eko
witnessed a senior set – back when the 840 feet tower mast was struck and
destroyed by thunder storm. This problem became a senior challenge to cry tend
with; bearing in mind that the transmitting station had then became an integral
part of radio kwara and a dependable ally on the performance of its statutory
responsibility.
Effort
to resuscitate the station between 2000 and 2002 resulted in the provision of a
new tower mast and a 50 Kw thomcast transmitter to restore normal transmission.
In spite of the effort by Alhaji Mohammed Lawal’s administration, the
transmitter remained insufficient. However, the government of Dr. Bukola
Saraki, in assumption of office in May 2003 renovated the station with award of
contract for the provision of modern studio equipment and additional 50Kw
Harris transmission totally over #300,000,000.
This
singular development has made “Radio Kwara” not just one of the few radio
station with installed digital studies in Nigeria,
but one of the first stations in Nigeria, to comply with the global
directive in conversion from analog broadcast to digital broadcast.
HYPOTHESIS
Based
on the research questions, the following are derived:-
Hi: Radio stations have been effective in disseminating
development information.
H0: Radio stations have not been effective in
disseminating development information.
H2: Radio programmes have great influence on rural
dwellers lives.
H0: A Radio programme does not have any influence on
rural dwellers lives.
H3: Radio serves as link between the government and
the rural dwellers.
H0: Radio does not serve as link between the
government and the rural dwellers.
H4: The measures that should be put in place to ensure
effective radio programming to the rural community.
H0: Measures should not be put in place to ensure
effective radio programming to the rural dwellers.
H5: Radio programmings have great impact on rural
dwellers.
H0: Radio programming does not have impact on rural
dwellers.
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